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1 εἰμί
εἰμί (Hom.+) impv. ἴσθι, ἔσο IPol 4:1, ἔστω—also colloq. ἤτω (BGU 276, 24; 419, 13; POxy 533, 9; Ps 103:31; 1 Macc 10:31) 1 Cor 16:22; Js 5:12; 1 Cl 48:5; Hv 3, 3, 4;—3 pers. pl. ἔστωσαν (ins since 200 B.C. Meisterhans3-Schw. 191; PPetr III, 2, 22 [237 B.C.]) Lk 12:35; 1 Ti 3:12; GJs 7:2. Inf. εἶναι. Impf. 1 pers. only mid. ἤμην (Jos., Bell. 1, 389; 631; s. further below); ἦν only Ac 20:18 D, 2 pers. ἦσθα (Jos., Ant. 6, 104) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:67 and ἦς (Lobeck, Phryn. 149 ‘say ἦσθα’; Jos., Ant. 17, 110 al.; Sb 6262, 16 [III A.D.]) Mt 25:21, 23 al., 3 sg. ἦν, 1 pl. ἦμεν. Beside this the mid. form ἤμην (pap since III B.C.; Job 29:16; Tob 12:13 BA), s. above, gives the pl. ἤμεθα (pap since III B.C.; Bar 1:19) Mt 23:30; Ac 27:37; Eph 2:3. Both forms in succession Gal. 4:3. Fut. ἔσομαι, ptc. ἐσόμενος. The mss. vary in choice of act. or mid., but like the edd. lean toward the mid. (W-S. §14, 1; Mlt-H. 201–3; Rob. index; B-D-F §98; Rdm.2 99; 101f; Helbing 108f; Reinhold 86f). Also s. ἔνι.① be, exist, be on hand a pred. use (for other pred. use s. 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7): of God (Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 θεοί εἰσιν; Zaleucus in Diod S 12, 20, 2 θεοὺς εἶναι; Wsd 12:13; Just., D. 128, 4 angels) ἔστιν ὁ θεός God exists Hb 11:6; cp. 1 Cor 8:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν the one who is and who was (cp. SibOr 3, 16; as amulet PMich 155, 3 [II A.D.] ὁ ὢν θεὸς ὁ Ἰάω κύριος παντοκράτωρ=the god … who exists.) Rv 11:17; 16:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, in this and the two preceding passages ἦν is treated as a ptc. (for the unusual use of ἦν cp. Simonides 74 D.: ἦν ἑκατὸν φιάλαι) 1:4; 4:8 (cp. Ex 3:14; Wsd 13:1; Paus. 10, 12, 10 Ζεὺς ἦν, Ζ. ἔστι, Ζ. ἔσσεται; cp. Theosophien 18. S. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 178f). οὐδʼ εἶναι θεὸν παντοκράτορα AcPlCor 1:11. ἐγώ εἰμι (ins in the Athena-Isis temple of Saïs in Plut., Is. et Os. 9, 354c: ἐγώ εἰμι πᾶν τὸ γεγονὸς κ. ὸ̓ν κ. ἐσόμενον. On the role of Isis in Gk. rel. s. IBergman, Ich bin Isis ’68; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95; for further lit. s. MGustafson in: Prayer fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley et al. ’97, 158.) Rv 1:8 (s. ἐγώ beg.). ὁ ὤν, … θεός Ro 9:5 is classed here and taken to mean Christ by JWordsworth ad loc. and HWarner, JTS 48, ’47, 203f. Of the λόγος: ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. J 1:1 (for ἦν cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 4; 3, 1b ἦν σκότος, Fgm. IX 1 p. 422, 23 Sc. γέγονεν ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἦν).—Of Christ πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγὼ εἰμί before Abraham was born, I am 8:58 (on the pres. εἰμί cp. Parmenides 8, 5: of the Eternal we cannot say ἦν οὐδʼ ἔσται, only ἔστιν; Ammonius Hermiae [Comm. in Aristotl. IV 5 ed. ABusse 1897] 6 p. 172: in Timaeus we read that we must not say of the gods τὸ ἦν ἢ τὸ ἔσται μεταβολῆς τινος ὄντα σημαντικά, μόνον δὲ τὸ ἔστι=‘was’ or ‘will be’, suggesting change, but only ‘is’; Ps 89:2; DBall, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel [JSNT Suppl. 124] ’96).—Of the world πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι before the world existed 17:5. Satirically, of the beast, who parodies the Lamb, ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν Rv 17:8. Of God’s temple: ἔστιν B 16:6f it exists. τὸ μὴ ὄν that which does not exist, the unreal (Sallust. 17 p. 32, 7 and 9; Philo, Aet. M. 5; 82) Hm 1:1. τὰ ὄντα that which exists contrasted w. τὰ μὴ ὄντα Ro 4:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:28; 2 Cl 1:8. Of God κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is out of what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (on the contrast τὰ ὄντα and τὰ μὴ ὄντα cp. Ps.-Arist. on Xenophanes: Fgm. 21, 28; Artem. 1, 51 p. 49, 19 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα; Ocellus Luc. 12; Sallust. 17, 5 p. 30, 28–32, 12; Philo, Op. M. 81; PGM 4, 3077f ποιήσαντα τὰ πάντα ἐξ ὧν οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι; 13, 272f τὸν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων εἶναι ποιήσαντα καὶ ἐξ ὄντων μὴ εἶναι; Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 21] τὰ πάντα ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι).—Of existing in the sense be present, available, provided πολλοῦ ὄχλου ὄντος since a large crowd was present Mk 8:1. ὄντων τῶν προσφερόντων those are provided who offer Hb 8:4. οὔπω ἦν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39. ἀκούσας ὄντα σιτία when he heard that grain was available Ac 7:12.—Freq. used to introduce parables and stories (once) there was: ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος there was (once) a rich man Lk 16:1, 19. ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τ. Φαρισαίων there was a man among the Pharisees J 3:1.—There is, there are ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί as there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5. διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων εἰσίν there are various kinds of spiritual gifts 12:4ff; 1J 5:16 al. Neg. οὐκ ἔστι there is (are) not, no (Ps 52:2; Simplicius in Epict. p. 95, 42 as a quot. from ‘tragedy’ οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί) δίκαιος there is no righteous man Ro 3:10 (Eccl 7:20). ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν there is no resurr. of the dead 1 Cor 15:12; οὐδʼ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24; cp. Mt 22:23; Ac 23:8 (cp. 2 Macc 7:14). εἰσὶν οἵ, or οἵτινες there are people who (Hom. et al.; LXX; Just., D. 47, 2 εἰ μήτι εἰσὶν οἱ λέγοντες ὅτι etc.—W. sing. and pl. combined: Arrian, Ind. 24, 9 ἔστι δὲ οἳ διέφυγον=but there are some who escaped) Mt 16:28; 19:12; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 6:64; Ac 11:20. Neg. οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅς there is no one who Mk 9:39; 10:29; Lk 1:61; 18:29. As a question τίς ἐστιν ὅς; who is there that? Mt 12:11—In an unusual (perh. bureaucratic terminology) participial construction Ac 13:1 ἡ οὖσα ἐκκλησία the congregation there (cp. Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 6, 394c οἱ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι=the people with whom he has to deal; PLond III 1168, 5 p. 136 [18 A.D.] ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις=on the adjoining areas there; PGen 49; PSI 229, 11 τοῦ ὄντος μηνός of the current month); cp. 14:13.—αἱ οὖσαι (sc. ἐξουσίαι) those that exist Ro 13:1 (cp. UPZ 180a I, 4 [113 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν τῶν ὄντων καὶ οὐσῶν).② to be in close connection (with), is, freq. in statements of identity or equation, as a copula, the equative function, uniting subject and predicate. On absence of the copula, Mlt-Turner 294–310.ⓐ gener. πραΰς εἰμι I am gentle Mt 11:29. ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριήλ Lk 1:19. σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 3:11; J 1:49 and very oft. ἵνα … ὁ πονηρὸς … ἐλεγχθῇ [το? s. app. in Bodm.] μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15 (Just., D. 3, 3 φιλολόγος οὖν τις εἶ σύ).—The pred. can be supplied fr. the context: καὶ ἐσμέν and we are (really God’s children) 1J 3:1 (Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 58 θεοφιλεῖς οἱ χρηστοὶ λέγονται καὶ εἰσίν; Epict. 2, 16, 44 Ἡρακλῆς ἐπιστεύθη Διὸς υἱὸς εἶναι καὶ ἦν.—The ptc. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν used w. a noun or adj.and serving as an if-, since-, or although-clause sim. functions as a copula πονηροὶ ὄντες Mt 7:11; 12:34.—Lk 20:36; J 3:4; 4:9; Ac 16:21; Ro 5:10; 1 Cor 8:7; Gal 2:3 al.).—W. adv. of quality: οὕτως εἶναι be so preceded by ὥσπερ, καθώς or followed by ὡς, ὥσπερ Mt 13:40; 24:27, 37, 39; Mk 4:26; Lk 17:26. W. dat. of pers. οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀ. τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ so the Human One (Son of Man) will be for this generation 11:30. εἰμὶ ὡσ/ὥσπερ I am like Mt 6:5; Lk 18:11. W. dat. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ τελώνης he shall be to you as a tax-collector Mt 18:17. εἰμὶ ὥς τις I am like someone of outward and inward similarity 28:3; Lk 6:40; 11:44; 22:27 al. καθώς εἰμι as I am Ac 22:3; 1J 3:2, 7; 4:17.—W. demonstr. pron. (Just., A I, 16, 1 ἃ ἔφη, ταῦτά ἐστι: foll. by a quotation; sim. 48, 5 ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα; and oft.) τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ μαρτυρία J 1:19. W. inf. foll. θρησκεία αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Js 1:27. W. ὅτι foll. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν J 3:19; cp. 21:24; 1J 1:5; 3:11; 5:11. W. ἵνα foll. τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ ἔργον, ἵνα πιστεύητε J 6:29; cp. vs. 39f; 15:12; 17:3; 1J 3:11, 23; 5:3. W. τηλικοῦτος: τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα though they are so large Js 3:4. W. τοσοῦτος: τοσοῦτων ὄντων although there were so many J 21:11. W. τοιοῦτος: τοιοῦτος ὤν Phlm 9 (cp. Just., A I, 18, 4 ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτά ἐστι).—W. interrog. pron. ὑμεῖς τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; who do you say I am? Mt 16:15; cp. 21:10; Mk 1:24; 4:41; 8:27, 29; Lk 4:34 al.; σὺ τίς εἶ; J 1:19; 8:25; 21:12 al. (cp. JosAs 14:6 τίς εἶ συ tell me ‘who you are’). σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων; (Pla., Gorg. 452b; Strabo 6, 2, 4 σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ τὸν Ὅμηρον ψέγων ὡς μυθογράφον;) Ro 14:4; ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην; (cp. Ex 3:11) Ac 11:17; τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ὅτι who am I, that GJs 12:2 (Ex 3:11). W. πόσος: πόσος χρόνος ἐστίν; how long a time? Mk 9:21. W. ποταπός of what sort Lk 1:29.—W. relative pron. οἷος 2 Cor 10:11; ὁποῖος Ac 26:29; 1 Cor 3:13; Gal 2:6; ὅς Rv 1:19; ὅστις Gal 5:10, 19.—W. numerals ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 6:44 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 25 ἦσαν οἱ πεσόντες ἀνδρῶν μυριάδες δέκα); cp. Ac 19:7; 23:13. Λάζαρος εἷς ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἀνακειμένων L. was one of those at the table J 12:2; cp. Gal 3:20; Js 2:19. τῶν πιστευσάντων ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32. εἷς εἶναι be one and the same Gal 3:28. ἓν εἶναι be one J 10:30; 17:11, 21ff; 1 Cor 3:8.—οὐδʼ εἶναι τὴν πλάσιν τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ (that) the creation of humankind is not God’s doing AcPlCor 1:13.—To establish identity the formula ἐγώ εἰμι is oft. used in the gospels (corresp. to Hebr. אֲנִי הוּא Dt 32:39; Is 43:10), in such a way that the predicate must be understood fr. the context: Mt 14:27; Mk 6:50; 13:6; 14:62; Lk 22:70; J 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28; 13:19; 18:5f and oft.; s. on ἐγώ.—In a question μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι; surely it is not I? Mt 26:22, 25.ⓑ to describe a special connection betw. the subject and a predicate noun ἡμεῖς ναὸς θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος we are a temple of the living God 2 Cor 6:16. ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are our letter (of recommendation) 3:2. σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the seal of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2 and oft.ⓒ in explanations:α. to show how someth. is to be understood is a representation of, is the equivalent of; εἰμί here, too, serves as copula; we usually translate mean, so in the formula τοῦτʼ ἔστιν this or that means, that is to say (Epict., Ench. 33, 10; Arrian, Tact. 29, 3; SIG 880, 50; PFlor 157, 4; PSI 298, 9; PMert 91, 9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 16; ApcMos 19; Just., D. 56, 23; 78, 3 al.) Mk 7:2; Ac 19:4; Ro 7:18; 9:8; 10:6, 8; Phlm 12; Hb 7:5 al.; in the sense that is (when translated) (Polyaenus 8, 14, 1 Μάξιμος ἀνηγορεύθη• τοῦτο δʼ ἄν εἴη Μέγιστον) Mt 27:46; Ac 1:19. So also w. relative pron.: ὅ ἐστιν Mk 3:17; 7:11, 34; Hb 7:2. After verbs of asking, recognizing, knowing and not knowing (Antiphanes Com. 231, 1f τὸ ζῆν τί ἐστι;) μάθετε τί ἐστιν learn what (this) means Mt 9:13. εἰ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν 12:7; cp. Mk 1:27; 9:10; Lk 20:17; J 16:17f; Eph 4:9. W. an indir. question (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀγύλλα: τὶς ἠρώτα τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα) τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα Lk 15:26; τί εἴη τοῦτο 18:36. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι what this means Ac 17:20; cp. 2:12, where the question is not about the mng. of terms but the significance of what is happening.—Esp. in interpr. of the parables (Artem. 1, 51 p. 48, 26 ἄρουρα οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ γυνή=field means nothing else than woman) ὁ ἀγρός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος the field means the world Mt 13:38; cp. vss. 19f, 22f; Mk 4:15f, 18, 20; Lk 8:11ff (cp. Gen 41:26f; Ezk 37:11; Ath. 22, 4 [Stoic interpr. of myths]). On τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19 and its various interpretations, see lit. s.v. εὐχαριστία. Cp. Hipponax (VI B.C.) 45 Diehl αὕτη γάρ ἐστι συμφορή=this means misfortune.β. to be of relative significance, be of moment or importance, amount to someth. w. indef. pron. εἰδωλόθυτόν τί ἐστιν meat offered to idols means anything 1 Cor 10:19. Esp. εἰμί τι I mean someth. of pers. 1 Cor 3:7; Gal 2:6; 6:3; and of things vs. 15. εἰμί τις Ac 5:36.—Of no account ἐμοὶ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν (telescoped fr. ἐλάχ. ἐστιν and εἰς ἐλάχ. γίνεται, of which there are many exx. in Schmid, I 398; II 161, 237; III 281; IV 455) it is of little or no importance to me 1 Cor 4:3.③ be in reference to location, persons, condition, or time, beⓐ of various relations or positions involving a place or thing: w. ἀπό: εἶναι ἀπό τινος be or come from a certain place (X., An. 2, 4, 13) J 1:44.—W. ἐν: ἐν τοῖς τ. πατρός μου in my father’s house Lk 2:49 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302 καταγωγὴ ἐν τοῖς Ἀντιπάτρου). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mk 10:32. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Mt 24:26. ἐν ἀγρῷ Lk 15:25. ἐν δεξιᾷ τ. θεοῦ at God’s right hand Ro 8:34; in heaven Eph 6:9.—W. εἰς: τὴν κοίτην Lk 11:7; τὸν κόλπον J1:18.—W. ἐπὶ w. gen. be on someth. of place, roof Lk 17:31; head J 20:7 (cp. 1 Macc 1:59); also fig., of one who is over someone (1 Macc 10:69; Jdth 14:13 ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν αὐτοῦ) Ro 9:5 (of the angel of death Mel., P. 20, 142 ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων); also ἐπάνω τινός J 3:31.—W. dat. be at someth. the door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—W. acc. be on someone: grace Lk 2:40; Ac 4:33; spirit (Is 61:1) Lk 2:25; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό be in the same place, together (Gen 29:2 v.l.) Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44; 1 Cor 7:5.—W. κατά w. acc. εἶναι κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν be in Judea Ac 11:1; εἶναι ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν were at Antioch in the congregation there 13:1.—W. ὑπό w. acc. τι or τινα of place be under someth. J 1:48; 1 Cor 10:1.—W. παρά w. acc. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν by the sea- (i.e. lake-) shore Mk 5:21; Ac 10:6.—W. πρός τι be close to, facing someth. Mk 4:1.—W. adv. of place ἐγγύς τινι near someth. Ac 9:38; 27:8. μακρὰν (ἀπό) Mk 12:34; J 21:8; Eph 2:13; also πόρρω Lk 14:32. χωρίς τινος without someth. Hb 12:8. ἐνθάδε Ac 16:28. ἔσω J 20:26. ἀπέναντί τινος Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2). ἐκτός τινος 1 Cor 6:18; ἀντίπερά τινος Lk 8:26; ὁμοῦ J 21:2; οὗ Mt 2:9; ὅπου Mk 2:4; 5:40. ὧδε Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. Also w. fut. mng. (ESchwartz, GGN 1908, 161 n.; on the fut. use of the pres. cp. POxy 531, 22 [II A.D.] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς σοὶ ὸ̔ θέλεις) ὅπου εἰμί J 7:34, 36; 12:26; 14:3; 17:24. As pred., to denote a relatively long stay at a place, stay, reside ἴσθι ἐκεῖ stay there Mt 2:13, cp. vs. 15; ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις in lonely places Mk 1:45; ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν he stayed by the lakeside 5:21.ⓑ involving humans or transcendent beings: w. adv. ἔμπροσθέν τινος Lk 14:2. ἔναντί τινος Ac 8:21; ἐνώπιόν τινος Lk 14:10; Ac 4:19; 1 Pt 3:4; Rv 7:15; ἐντός τινος Lk 17:21; ἐγγύς τινος J 11:18; 19:20; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14).—W. prep. ἐν τινί equiv. to ἔκ τινος εἶναι be among Mt 27:56; cp. Mk 15:40; Ro 1:6. Of God, who is among his people 1 Cor 14:25 (Is 45:14; Jer 14:9); of the Spirit J 14:17. Of persons under Christ’s direction: ἐν θεῷ 1J 2:5; 5:20 (s. Norden, Agn. Th. 23, 1). ἔν τινι rest upon, arise from someth. (Aristot., Pol. 7, 1, 3 [1323b, 1] ἐν ἀρετῇ; Sir 9:16) Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 2:5; Eph 5:18.—εἴς τινα be directed, inclined toward Ac 23:30; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Pt 1:21.—κατά w. gen. be against someone (Sir 6:12) Mt 12:30; Mk 9:40 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. ὑπέρ); Gal 5:23.—σύν τινι be with someone (Jos., Ant. 7, 181) Lk 22:56; 24:44; Ac 13:7; accompany, associate w. someone Lk 8:38; Ac 4:13; 22:9; take sides with someone (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 37; 7, 5, 77; Jos., Ant. 11, 259 [of God]) Ac 14:4.—πρός τινα be with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; J 1:1f. I am to be compared w. IMg 12.—μετά and gen. be with someone (Judg 14:11) Mt 17:17; Mk 3:14; 5:18; J 3:26; 12:17; ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη AcPlCor 2:40; of God, who is with someone (Gen 21:20; Judg 6:13 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 4; Jos., Ant. 6, 181; 15, 138) Lk 1:66; J 3:2; 8:29; Ac 10:38 al.; also be with in the sense be favorable to, in league with (Ex 23:2) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23; of punishment attending a pers. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ AcPlCor 2:37.—παρά and gen. come from someone (X., An. 2, 4, 15; Just., D. 8, 4 ἔλεος παρὰ θεοῦ) fr. God J 6:46; 7:29; w. dat. be with, among persons Mt 22:25; Ac 10:6. W. neg. be strange to someone, there is no … in someone Ro 2:11; 9:14; Eph 6:9.—ὑπέρ w. gen. be on one’s side Mk 9:4 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. κατά); w. acc. be superior to (Sir 25:10; 30:16) Lk 6:40.ⓒ of condition or circumstance: κατά w. acc. live in accordance with (Sir 28:10; 43:8; 2 Macc 9:20) κατὰ σάκρα, πνεῦμα Ro 8:5. οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον not human (in origin) Gal 1:11.—Fig. ὑπό w. acc. be under (the power of) someth. Ro 3:9; 6:14f; Gal 3:10, 25.—W. ἐν of existing ἐν τῷ θεῷ εἶναι of humankind: have its basis of existence in God Ac 17:28. Of states of being: ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:8; ἐν εἰρήνῃ Lk 11:21; ἐν ἔχθρᾳ at enmity 23:12; ἐν κρίματι under condemnation vs. 40. ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος suffer from hemorrhages Mk 5:25; Lk 8:43 (cp. Soph., Aj. 271 ἦν ἐν τῇ νόσῳ; cp. TestJob 35:1 ἐν πληγαῖς πολλαῖς). Periphrastically for an adj. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ authoritative Lk 4:32. ἐν βάρει important 1 Th 2:7. ἐν τῇ πίστει true believers, believing 2 Cor 13:5. Be involved in someth. ἐν ἑορτῇ be at the festival=take part in it J 2:23. ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι devote yourself to these things 1 Ti 4:15 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 8, 7 ἐν τοιούτοις ὄντες=occupied w. such things; Jos., Ant. 2, 346 ἐν ὕμνοις ἦσαν=they occupied themselves w. the singing of hymns).—Fig., live in the light 1J 2:9; cp. vs. 11; 1 Th 5:4; in the flesh Ro 7:5; 8:8; AcPlCor 1:6. ἐν οἷς εἰμι in the situation in which I find myself Phil 4:11 (X., Hell. 4, 2, 1; Diod S 12, 63, 5; 12, 66, 4; Appian, Hann. 55 §228 ἐν τούτοις ἦν=he was in this situation; Jos., Ant. 7, 232 ἐν τούτοις ἦσαν=found themselves in this sit.; TestJob 35:6 ἐν τίνι ἐστίν; s. ZPE VIII 170). ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. Of characteristics, emotions, etc. ἔν τινί ἐστιν, e.g. ἀδικία J 7:18; ἄγνοια Eph 4:18; ἀλήθεια J 8:44; 2 Cor 11:10 (cp. 1 Macc 7:18); ἁμαρτία 1J 3:5.ⓓ of time ἐγγύς of καιρός be near Mt 26:18; Mk 13:28. πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν it is toward evening Lk 24:29 (Just., D. 137, 4 πρὸς δυσμὰς … ὁ ἥλιός ἐστι).④ to be alive in a period of time, live, denoting temporal existence (Hom., Trag., Thu. et al.; Sir 42:21; En 102:5 Philo, De Jos. 17; Jos., Ant. 7, 254) εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers Mt 23:30. ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν because they were no more 2:18 (Jer 38:15). ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν (those who were healed and raised by Christ) remained alive for quite some time Qua.⑤ to be the time at which someth. takes place w. indications of specific moments or occasions, be (X., Hell. 4, 5, 1, An. 4, 3, 8; Sus 13 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:49; 2 Macc 8:26; Jos., Ant. 6, 235 νουμηνία δʼ ἦν; 11, 251): ἦν ὥρα ἕκτη it was the sixth hour (=noon acc. to Jewish reckoning) Lk 23:44; J 4:6; 19:14.—Mk 15:25; J 1:39. ἦν ἑσπέρα ἤδη it was already evening Ac 4:3. πρωί̈ J 18:28. ἦν παρασκευή Mk 15:42. ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων J 5:1. σάββατόν ἐστιν vs. 10 et al. Short clauses (as Polyaenus 4, 9, 2 νὺξ ἦν; 7, 44, 2 πόλεμος ἦν; exc. 36, 8 ἦν ἀρίστου ὥρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 248 ἔτι δὲ νὺξ ἦν) χειμὼν ἦν J 10:22; ἦν δὲ νύξ (sim. Jos., Bell. 4, 64) 13:30; ψύχος it was cold 18:18; καύσων ἔσται it will be hot Lk 12:55.⑥ to take place as a phenomenon or event, take place, occur, become, be, be in (Hom., Thu. et al.; LXX; En 104:5; 106:6.—Cp. Just., D. 82, 2 of Christ’s predictions ὅπερ καὶ ἔστι ‘which is in fact the case’.) ἔσται θόρυβος τοῦ λαοῦ a popular uprising Mk 14:2. γογγυσμὸς ἦν there was (much) muttering J 7:12. σχίσμα there was a division 9:16; 1 Cor 1:10; 12:25. ἔριδες … εἰσίν quarrels are going on 1:11. δεῖ αἱρέσεις εἶναι 11:19. θάνατος, πένθος, κραυγή, πόνος ἔσται Rv 21:4. ἔσονται λιμοὶ κ. σεισμοί Mt 24:7. Hence τὸ ἐσόμενον what was going to happen (Sir 48:25) Lk 22:49. πότε ταῦτα ἔσται; when will this happen? Mt 24:3. πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; how can this be? Lk 1:34. Hebraistically (הָיָה; s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 63–65) καὶ ἔσται w. fut. of another verb foll. and it will come about that Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 3:23 (w. δέ); Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).—W. dat. ἐστί τινι happen, be granted, come, to someone (X., An. 2, 1, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 255; Just., D. 8, 4 σοὶ … ἔλεος ἔσται παρὰ θεοῦ) Mt 16:22; Mk 11:24; Lk 2:10; GJs 1:1; 4:3; 8:3; τί ἐστίν σοι τοῦτο, ὅτι what is the matter with you, that GJs 17:2.—Of becoming or turning into someth. become someth. εἰς χολὴν πικρίας εἶναι become bitter gall Ac 8:23. εἰς σάρκα μίαν Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (all Gen 2:24. Cp. Syntipas p. 42, 24 οὐκ ἔτι ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα); τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείας Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); εἰς πατέρα 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14; 1 Ch 22:10; 28:6); εἰς τὸ ἕν 1J 5:8.— Serve as someth. (IPriene 50, 39 [c. II B.C.] εἶναι εἰς φυλακὴν τ. πόλεως; Aesop., Fab. 28 H.=18 P.; 26 Ch.; 18 H-H. εἰς ὠφέλειαν; Gen 9:13; s. also εἰς 4d) 1 Cor 14:22; Col 2:22; Js 5:3.—Of something being ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται it will be more tolerable τινί for someone Lk 10:12, 14.⑦ to exist as possibility ἔστιν w. inf. foll. it is possible, one can (Περὶ ὕψους 6; Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔστιν εὑρεῖν=one can find; Just., A I, 59, 10 ἔστι ταῦτα ἀκοῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν; D. 42, 3 ἰδεῖν al.; Mel., P. 19, 127); neg. οὐκ ἔστιν νῦν λέγειν it is not possible to speak at this time Hb 9:5. οὐκ ἔστιν φαγεῖν it is impossible to eat 1 Cor 11:20 (so Hom. et al.; UPZ 70, 23 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πώποτε … ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης; 4 Macc 13:5; Wsd 5:10; Sir 14:16; 18:6; EpJer 49 al.; EpArist 163; Jos., Ant. 2, 335; Ath. 22, 3 ἔστιν εἰπεῖν).⑧ to have a point of derivation or origin, be,/come from somewhere ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου from Herod’s jurisdiction Lk 23:7; ἐκ Ναζαρέτ (as an insignificant place) J 1:46; ἐκ τῆς γῆς 3:31; ἐκ γυναικός 1 Cor 11:8 al. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐξ ἀνθρώπων be of heavenly (divine), human descent Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 20:4. Be generated by (cp. Sb 8141, 21f [ins I B.C.] οὐδʼ ἐκ βροτοῦ ἤεν ἄνακτος, ἀλλὰ θεοῦ μεγάλου ἔκγονος; En 106:6) Mt 1:20. Esp. in Johannine usage ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου εἶναι originate from the devil J 8:44; 1J 3:8. ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 3:12; ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου J 15:19; 17:14, 16; 1J 4:5. ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι 2:21; J 18:37 etc. Cp. 9 end.⑨ to belong to someone or someth. through association or genetic affiliation, be, belong w. simple gen. (X., Hell. 2, 4, 36; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 230 τῶν Πυθαγορείων) οἱ τῆς ὁδοῦ ὄντες those who belong to the Way Ac 9:2. εἰμὶ Παύλου I belong to Paul 1 Cor 1:12; 3:4; cp. Ro 8:9; 2 Cor 10:7; 1 Ti 1:20; Ac 23:6. ἡμέρας εἶναι belong to the day 1 Th 5:8, cp. vs. 5. W. ἔκ τινος 1 Cor 12:15f; Mt 26:73; Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58 al. (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 17; oft LXX). ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα belong to the twelve 22:3. ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν who is a fellow-countryman of yours Col 4:9.—To belong through origin 2 Cor 4:7. Of Mary: ἦν τῆς φυλῆς τοῦ Δαυίδ was of David’s line GJs 10:1. Cp. 8 above.⑩ to have someth. to do with someth. or someone, be. To denote a close relationship ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἶναι rely on legal performance Gal 3:10. ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως the law has nothing to do with faith vs. 12.—To denote a possessor Mt 5:3, 10; l9:14; Mk 12:7; Lk 18:16; 1 Cor 6:19. Esp. of God who owns the Christian Ac 27:23; 1 Cor 3:23; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5). οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15 (cp. Just., A II, 13, 4 ὅσα … καλῶς εἴρηται, ἡμῶν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἐστι).—W. possess. pron. ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία Lk 6:20. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι Mk 10:40 (cp. Just., A I, 4, 2 ὑμέτερον ἀγωνιᾶσαί ἐστι ‘it is a matter for your concern’).—To denote function (X., An. 2, 1, 4) οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν it is no concern of yours Ac 1:7—Of quality παιδεία οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι discipline does not seem to be (partake of) joy Hb 12:11.—10:39.⑪ as an auxiliary: very commonly the simple tense forms are replaced by the periphrasis εἶναι and the ptc. (B-D-F §352–55; Mlt. 225–27, 249; Mlt-H. 451f; Rdm.2 102, 105, 205; Kühner-G. I 38ff; Rob. 374–76, 1119f; CTurner, Marcan Usage: JTS 28, 1927 349–51; GKilpatrick, BT 7, ’56, 7f; very oft. LXX).ⓐ (as in Hom et al.) w. the pf. ptc. to express the pf., plpf. and fut. pf. act. and pass. (s. Mayser 329; 377) ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες they had come Lk 5:17. ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη their hearts were hardened Mk 6:52. ἠλπικότες ἐσμέν we have set our hope 1 Cor 15:19. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν the time has become short 7:29. ἦν ἑστώς (En 12:3) he was standing (more exactly he took his stand) Lk 5:1.ⓑ w. pres. ptc. (B-D-F §353).α. to express the pres. ἐστὶν προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα supplies the wants 2 Cor 9:12 (Just., A I, 26, 5 Μαρκίων … καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐστὶ διδάσκων; Mel., P. 61, 441 ἐστὶν … κηρυσσόμενον).β. impf. or aor. ἦν καθεύδων he was sleeping Mk 4:38. ἦσαν ἀναβαίνοντες … ἦν προάγων 10:32; cp. Lk 1:22; 5:17; 11:14 al. (JosAs 1:3 ἦν συνάγων τὸν σίτον; Mel., P. 80, 580 ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος). ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀλήθινόν … ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον the true light entered the world J 1:9, w. ἦν introducing a statement in dramatic contrast to the initial phrase of vs. 8.—To denote age (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 2 al. Jac.; POxy 275, 9 [66 A.D.] οὐδέπω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν; Tob 14:11) Mk 5:42; Lk 3:23; Ac 4:22; GJs 12:3.—Mussies 304–6.γ. fut. ἔσῃ σιωπῶν you will be silent Lk 1:20; cp. 5:10; Mt 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17, 24 al.; 2 Cl 17:7 Bihlm. (the child) shall serve him (God).ⓒ w. aor. ptc. as plpf. (Aelian, NA 7, 11; Hippiatr. 34, 14, vol. I p. 185, 3 ἦν σκευάσας; ISyriaW 2070b ἦν κτίσας; AcThom 16; 27 [Aa II/2 p. 123, 2f; p. 142, 10]; B-D-F §355 m.—JVogeser, Z. Sprache d. griech. Heiligenlegenden, diss. Munich 1907, 14; JWittmann, Sprachl. Untersuchungen zu Cosmas Indicopleustes, diss. Munich 1913, 20; SPsaltes, Gramm. d. byzant. Chroniken 1913, 230; Björck [διδάσκω end] 75; B-D-F §355). ἦν βληθείς had been thrown Lk 23:19; J 18:30 v.l.—GPt 6:23; 12:51. (Cp. Just., A II, 10, 2 διʼ εὑρέσεως … ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς ‘they achieved through investigation’).ⓓ Notice esp. the impersonals δέον ἐστίν it is necessary (Pla. et al.; POxy 727, 19; Sir praef. ln. 3; 1 Macc 12:11 δέον ἐστὶν καὶ πρέπον) Ac 19:36; εἰ δέον ἐστίν if it must be 1 Pt 1:6 (s. δεῖ 2a); 1 Cl 34:2; πρέπον ἐστίν it is appropriate (Pla. et al.; POxy 120, 24; 3 Macc 7:13) Mt 3:15; 1 Cor 11:13.ⓔ In many cases the usage w. the ptc. serves to emphasize the duration of an action or condition (BGU 183, 25 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον ζῶσα ᾖ Σαταβούς); JosAs 2:1 ἦν … ἐξουθενοῦσα καὶ καταπτύουσα πάντα ἄνδρα). ἦν διδάσκων he customarily taught Mk 1:22; Lk 4:31; 19:47. ἦν θέλων he cherished the wish 23:8. ἦσαν νηστεύοντες they were keeping the fast Mk 2:18. ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες they were conversing for a while 9:4. ἦν προσδεχόμενος he was waiting for (the kgdm.) 15:43. ἦν συγκύπτουσα she was bent over Lk 13:11.ⓕ to emphasize the adjectival idea inherent in the ptc. rather than the concept of action expressed by the finite verb ζῶν εἰμι I am alive Rv 1:18. ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος he was obedient Lk 2:51. ἦν ἔχων κτήματα πολλά he was very rich Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων you shall have authority Lk 19:17 (Lucian, Tim. 35 ἴσθι εὐδαιμονῶν). ἦν καταλλάσσων (God) was reconciling 2 Cor 5:19 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 622 οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε; Ath. 15, 2 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ … καρπούμενος).—LMcGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ΕΙΝΑΙ as a Linking Verb in the Gk. NT, diss. Vanderbilt, ’70 (s. esp. critique of treatment of εἰμί in previous edd. of this lexicon pp. 12–15).—Mlt. 228. B. 635. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
2 εἰμί
εἰμί (A sum), [dialect] Aeol. [full] ἔμμι Sapph.2.15, Theoc.20.32; Cret. [full] ἠμί GDI 4959a; [ per.] 2sg. εἶ, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.εἰς Od.17.388
, al., [dialect] Aeol. ἔσσι, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Dor.ἐσσί Il.1.176
, Pi.O.6.90, Sophr.134; ; [ per.] 3sg. ἐστί, [dialect] Dor.ἐντί IG12(1).677
([place name] Rhodes), Theoc.1.17, etc.; [ per.] 3 dualἐστόν Th.3.112
; [ per.] 1pl. ἐσμέν, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. εἰμέν (also in Pi.P.3.60), , [dialect] Dor.εἰμές Theoc.15.73
, but ; [ per.] 3pl. εἰσί ([etym.] - ίν), [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. ἔασι ([etym.] - ιν) Il.7.73, Xenoph.8.1, Antim.29, Herod.4.84, [dialect] Dor.ἐντί Pi.N.1.24
, Theoc.11.45, IG9(1).32.22 ([place name] Phocis), etc.: imper. ἴσθι (ἔσθι Hecat.361
J.), [dialect] Ep. and Lyr. also in [voice] Med. formἔσσο Od.3.200
, Sapph.1.28, Maced.Pae.31, late Proseἔσο Plu.2.241d
, M.Ant.3.5, Hld.5.12, Porph.Marc.34; [ per.] 3sg. ἔστω (, and late Inscrr., CIG2664, al.; but in Pl.R. 361c leg. ἴτω), [dialect] Dor. εἴτω, ἤτω, Heraclid. ap. Eust.1411.21, Elean ; [ per.] 3pl. ἔστωσαν, butἔστων Hom.
, Pl.R. 502a, , and early [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG12.22, etc. ( ἔστωσαν first in ii B. C., ib.22.1328), [dialect] Dor. ἐόντων ib.1126: subj. ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, [dialect] Ep.ἔω Od.9.18
; [ per.] 3sg.ἔῃ Il.12.300
,al. (alsoἔῃσι 2.366
, al., ᾖσι ([etym.] ν) 19.202, Hes.Op. 294), also [dialect] Boeot.ἔνθω IG7.3172.165
,μετείω Il.23.47
and perh.εἴῃ 9.245
, etc.; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3pl. ([place name] Crete), ([place name] Hierapytna), [dialect] Boeot.ἴωνθι IG7.3171.46
(iii B. C.): opt. εἴην, -ης (εἴησθα Thgn.715
), -η, also ἔοις, ἔοι, Il.9.284, 142, al., cf. Hdt.7.6; [ per.] 3pl.εἴοισαν Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. 1911.133
([place name] Gonni); [ per.] 3 dual , Sph. 243e; [ per.] 1pl. (lyr.), Pl.; [ per.] 2pl.εἶτε Od. 21.195
; [ per.] 3pl.εἶεν Il.2.372
, etc.,εἴησαν Hdt.1.2
, etc.; Elean ἔα, = εἴη, SIG9 (vi B. C.), and σύν-εαν, = συνεῖεν, GDI 1149 (vi B. C.): inf. εἶναι, Arc. (Tegea, iv B. C.); [dialect] Ep. ἔμμεναι (also [dialect] Aeol.ἔμμεν' Sapph.34
), ἔμμεν (also Pi.P.6.42, S.Ant. 623 (lyr.)), ἔμεναι, ἔμεν, also ([place name] Dodona); [dialect] Dor. εἶμεν Foed. ap. Th.5.77,79, IG7.1.7 ([place name] Megara),ἦμεν Test.Epict.5.16
, Tab.Heracl.1.75, Cret. ἦμεν orἤμην Leg.Gort.1.15
, al., GDI4998i 2, al., Megar. ,εἴμειν IG12(1).155.100
([place name] Rhodes), 14.952 ([place name] Agrigentum); εἶν ib. 12(9).211.10 ([place name] Eretria), SIG135.4 ([place name] Olynthus), etc.: part. ὤν, [dialect] Ep. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, Cypr.ἰών Inscr.Cypr.135.23
H.; [dialect] Boeot. fem.ἰῶσα IG 7.3172.116
(Orchom.), [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Dor. fem.ἔσσα Sapph.75.4
, IG4.952.2 (Epid.), Theoc.28.16,ἐοῖσα Pi.P.4.265
,ἔασσα Lyr.Alex.Adesp. 9
, Diotog. ap. Stob.4.7.62,εὖσα Erinn.5.5
(also [dialect] Ion., Herod.5.16,εὔντων 2.85
),ἐᾶσα Ti.Locr.96d
, IG5(1).1470.8 ([place name] Messene),ἴαττα Leg.Gort.8.47
; acc. sg.εὖντα Theoc.2.3
; nom. sg. εἴς in Heraclid. ap. Eust.1756.13, pl.ἔντες Tab.Heracl.1.117
; dat. pl. ἔντασσι ib.104; gen. pl.παρ-έντων Alcm. 64
: [tense] impf.ἦν Il.2.77
, etc., [dialect] Ep. ἔον (also [dialect] Aeol., Alc.127, Sapph.Oxy. 1787 Fr.3 ii 21), in [dialect] Att. ἦ (dub. in [dialect] Aeol., Alc. Supp.14.9), Ar.Pl.77, Pl.Phd. 61b, etc., but usu. altered to ἦν in codd. (and ἦν is required by metre in E. Ion 280), [var] contr. from [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. ἦα (Il.5.808, al., IG12(8).449.2 ([place name] Thasos), whence Hom.and later [dialect] Ion.ἔᾱ Il.4.321
, al.,ἔας Hdt.1.187
,ἔατε Id.4.119
); [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg. ἦεν, always with ν in Hom.; ἔην as [ per.] 1sg., only Il.11.762 (s. v.l., al. ἔον), freq. as [ per.] 3sg. (generally before a consonant, so that ἔεν is possible), sts. also ἤην; [ per.] 2sg. ἦσθα, later ἦς (wh. is v.l. in Pi.I.1.26), sts. in LXX (Jd. 11.35, Ru.3.2,al.), cf. Pl.Ax. 365e, Erinn.4.4, Ev.Matt.25.21, al., , [dialect] Ep. ἔησθα; [ per.] 3sg. ἦν, [dialect] Ep. ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν (v. supr.), [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Aeol.ἦς Alc.Supp.30.1
, Epich.102, Sophr.59, Theoc.2.90, SIG241.145 (Delph.); [ per.] 3 dualἤστην Il.5.10
, E.Hipp. 387, Ar.Eq. 982, Pl.Euthd. 272a, al.; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 1pl.ἦμες Plu.Lyc.21
; [ per.] 2pl. , , Ec. 1086; [ per.] 3pl. ἦσαν, [dialect] Ion. and Poet. ἔσαν (in Hes.Th. 321, 825, ἦν is not pl. for ἦσαν, but is rather a peculiarity of syntax, v. infr. v, but is [ per.] 3pl. in Epich.46, al., SIG560.15 (Epidamnus, iii B. C.)); [dialect] Aeol. ; later (iii B. C.), SIG527.46 (Crete, iii B. C.), IGRom.4.1740 ([place name] Cyme), always in LXX as Ba.1.19, cf. Ev.Matt.23.30, Plu.2.174a, etc., and sts. in codd. of earlier writers, Lys.7.34, Trag.Adesp. 124 (cited from E. Hel. 931 by Choerob. and from Id.Tr. 474 by Aps.), X.Cyr.6.1.9, Hyp.Ath.26, [ per.] 2sg.ἦσο Epigr.Gr.379
([place name] Aezani), [ per.] 3sg.ἦστο Supp.Epigr. 1.455.7
([place name] Phrygia), [ per.] 1pl.ἤμεθα PPetr.2p.11
(iii B. C.), LXX Ba.1.19, 1 Ki.25.16, Ep.Eph.2.3; subj. (ii B. C.), ἦται GDI 1696, ἦνται prob. in IG5(1).1390.83 ([place name] Andania); [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. also ἔσκον, used by A.Pers. 656 (lyr.): [tense] fut. ἔσομαι, ἔσται, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Aeol. also ἔσσομαι, ἔσεται, ἔσσεται; [dialect] Aeol. [ per.] 2sg. ἔσσῃ prob. in Alc.67,87; [dialect] Dor. 2 and [ per.] 3sg. ἐσσῇ, ἐσσεῖται, Il.2.393, 13.317, Theoc.10.5, [ per.] 3pl. ἐσσοῦνται Foed. ap. Th.5.77 codd. (butἔσσονται Tab.Heracl.1.113
), inf.ἐσσεῖσθαι Sophr.57
.—All forms of the [tense] pres.ind. are enclitic (exc. [ per.] 2sg. εἶ and [ per.] 3pl. ἔασι); but [ per.] 3sg. is written ἔστι when it begins a sentence or verse, or when it immediately follows οὐκ, καί, εἰ, ὡς, ἀλλά, or τοῦτ', Hdn.Gr.1.553 (also μή acc. to EM301.3); later Gramm. wrote ἔστι as Subst. Verb, Phot., Eust.880.22.A as the Subst. Verb,I of persons, exist,οὐκ ἔσθ' οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὐδ' ἔσσεται Od.16.437
; ἔτ' εἰσί they are still in being, 15.433, cf. S.Ph. 445, etc.;τεθνηῶτος.. μηδ' ἔτ' ἐόντος Od.1.289
; οὐκέτ' ἐστί he is no more, E.Hipp. 1162; οὐδὲ δὴν ἦν he was not long- lived, Il.6.131; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, οἱ οὐκ ὄντες, of those who are no more, Th.2.45,44; οἱ ὄντες the living, Plb.9.29.2; ὁ ὤν the Eternal, LXX Ex.3.14, al., Ph.1.289;θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες Il.1.290
; ἐσσόμενοι posterity, 2.119;κἀγὼ γὰρ ἦ ποτ', ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκ εἴμ' ἔτι E.Hec. 284
; ὡς ἂν εἶεν ἅνθρωποι might continue in being, Pl.Smp. 190c;ζώντων καὶ ὄντων Ἀθηναίων D.18.72
, cf. Arist.GC 318b25; of things, εἰ ἔστι ἀληθέως [ἡ τράπεζα] Hdt.3.17, etc.; of cities,ὄλωλεν, οὐδ' ἔτ' ἐστὶ Τροία E.Tr. 1292
, cf. Heracl. 491; δοκεῖ μοι Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, Plu.Cat.Ma.27; ἂν ᾖ τὸ στράτευμα be in existence, D.8.17; of money, to be in hand,τῶν ὄντων χρημάτων καὶ τῶν προσιόντων IG12.91.25
; τὰ ὄντα property, Pl.Grg. 511a, Plu.Ant.24, etc.; τὸ ἐσόμενον ἐκ .. future revenue from.., BCH46.420 (Olymos, i B. C.); of place, τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν the local church, Act.Ap.13.1; of time, τοῦ ὄντος μηνός in the current month, BGU146.4, etc.; in office,ἱερέων τῶν ὄντων PPar.5.4
(ii B. C.); αἱ οὖσαι [ἐξουσίαι] the powers that be, Ep. Rom.13.1.II of the real world, be, opp. become,γίγνεται πάντα ἃ δή φαμεν εἶναι Pl.Tht. 152d
, etc.; τὸ ὄν Being, Parm.8.35, Protag.2, Pl.Ti. 27d, etc.; opp. τὸ μὴ ὄν, Gorg.Fr.3 D., etc.;οὐδὲν γίνεται ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος Epicur.Ep. 1p.5U.
;ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ἐποίησεν αὐτὰ ὁ θεός LXX 2 Ma.7.28
; τὰ ὄντα the world of things, Heraclit.7, Emp.129.5, etc.; ὄνindecl., τῶν ὂν εἰδῶν species of Being, Plot.6.2.10.2 of circumstances, events, etc., to happen,τά τ' ἐόντα, τά τ' ἐσσόμενα, πρό τ' ἐόντα Il.1.70
;ἡ ἐσβολὴ ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι Th.2.13
, etc.; τῆς προδοσίας οὔσης since treachery was there, Id.4.103; ἕως ἂν ὁ πόλεμος ᾖ so long as it last, Id.1.58;αἱ σπονδαὶ ἐνιαυτὸν ἔσονται Id.4.118
; τί ἐστιν; what is it? what's the matter? Ar.Th. 193; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο; how came it to pass? Pl.Phd. 58a: repeated with a relat. to avoid a positive assertion, ἔστι δ' ὅπῃ νῦν ἔ. things are as they are, i.e. are ill, A.Ag.67.III be the fact or the case, διπλασίαν ἂν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσθαι ἤ ἐστιν twice as large as it really is, Th.1.10; αὐτὸ ὅ ἐστι καλόν beauty in its essence, Pl.Smp. 211c, cf. Phd. 74b; freq. in part., τὸν ἐόντα λόγον λέγειν or φαίνειν the true story, Hdt.1.95, 116; τῷ ἐόντι χρήσασθαι tell the truth, ib. 30;τὰ ὄντα ἀπαγγέλλειν Th.7.8
; σκῆψιν οὐκ οὖσαν, λόγον οὐκ ὄντα, S.El. 584, Ar.Ra. 1052; τῷ ὄντι in reality, in fact, Pl.Prt. 328d, etc.; to apply a quotation to a case in point, τῷ ὄντι κλαυσίγελως real 'smiles through tears' (with allusion to Il.6.484), X.HG7.2.9, cf. Pl. La. 196d; κατὰ τὸ ἐόν according to the fact, rightly, Hdt.1.97; πᾶν τὸ ἐόν the whole truth, Id.9.11;τοῦ ἐόντος ἀποτεύξεται Hp.VM 2
.IV folld. by the relat., οὐκ ἔστιν ὅς or ὅστις no one,οὐκ ἔσθ' ὃς.. ἀπαλάλκοι Il.22.348
;οὐκ ἔ. οὐδεὶς ὅς E.El. 903
; οὐκ ἔ. ὅτῳ, = οὐδενί, A.Pr. 293 (anap.), cf. 989: freq. in pl., εἰσὶν οἵ, = Lat. sunt qui, used exactly like ἔνιοι, Th.6.88, 7.44, Pl.Men. 77d, Grg. 503a, etc. ( εἰσί τινες οἵ .. Th.3.24); ἐστὶν ἃ χωρία, πολίσματα, Id.1.12,65;ἐστὶν ἃ εἰπεῖν Id.2.67
;ἦσαν οἵ X.An.5.2.14
; the sg. Verb is used even with masc. and fem. pl., ἐστὶν οἵ, αἵ, Hp.Fract.1, VC4, X.Cyr.2.3.16; more freq. in oblique cases,ποταμῶν ἐστὶ ὧν Hdt.7.187
;ἐστὶν ἀφ' ὧν Th.8.65
; ἐστὶ παρ' οἷς, ἐστὶν ἐν οἷς, Id.1.23, 5.25: in questions ὅστις is used, ἔστιν ἥντινα δόξαν.. ἀπεκρίνατο; Pl.Men. 85b: with relat. Particles, ἐστὶν ἔνθα, = Lat. est ubi, X.Cyr.7.4.15, etc.; ἐ. ὅπῃ, ἔσθ' ὅπου, somehow, somewhere, Pl.Prt. 331d, A.Eu. 517, S.OT 448, etc.; in questions expecting a neg. answer, ἐ. ὁπόθεν, ὅπως; Pl.Phlb. 35a, R. 493e, etc.;οὐ γάρ ἐσθ' ὅπως Pi.Fr.61
, cf. Hdt.7.102, A.Ag. 620; οὐκ ἔ. ὅπως οὐ in any case, necessarily, Ar. Pax 188;οὐκ ἔ. ὡς Pl. Men. 76e
, etc.; ἐ. ὅτε, ἔσθ' ὅτε, sometimes, Pi.Fr.180.2, S.Aj.56, Th. 7.21, etc.V ἦν is sts. used with pl. masc. and fem., usu. at the beginning of a sentence, there was,τῆς δ' ἦν τρεῖς κεφαλαί Hes.Th. 321
; (but inἦν δ' ἐρῳδιοί τε πολλοί Epich.46
, cf. 59, al., it may be taken as [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3pl.); (lyr.); ἦν ἄρα κἀκεῖνοι ταλακάρδιοι Epigr. ap. Aeschin.3.184; less freq.ἔστι, ἔστι δὲ μεταξὺ.. ἑπτὰ στάδιοι Hdt.1.26
, cf. 7.34;ἔστι.. ἄρχοντές τε καὶ δῆμος Pl.R. 463a
; before dual Nouns, Ar.V.58, Pl.Grg. 500d.VI ἔστι impers., c. inf., it is possible,ἔστι γὰρ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι Il.20.246
;ἔστι μὲν εὕδειν, ἔστι δὲ τερπομένοισιν ἀκούειν Od. 15.392
; εἴ τί πού ἐστι (sc. πιθέσθαι) 4.193;τοιάδε.. ἐστὶν ἀκοῦσαι A. Pr. 1055
(anap.);ἔστι τεκμήρια ὁρᾶν X.An.3.2.13
, cf. Ar.Ra. 1163, Aeschin.3.105, D.18.272, Arist.Ath.53.6, etc.; so in imper., opt., and subj.,ἔστω ἀποφέρεσθαι τῷ βουλομένῳ IG12.10.7
;μυρία ἂν εἴη λέγειν Pl.Plt. 271e
;ὅπως ἂν ᾖ δρᾶν IG2.1054.91
: more freq. in neg. clauses, Il.6.267, etc.; folld. by ὥστε c. inf., S.Ph. 656: c. acc. et inf.,ἁδόντα δ' εἴη με τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ὁμιλεῖν Pi.P.2.96
;ἔστιν ἐκπεσεῖν ἀρχῆς Δία A.Pr. 757
: sts. not impers. in this sense,θάλασσα δ' οὐκέτ' ἦν ἰδεῖν Id.Pers. 419
.b ἔστω in argument, let it be granted,ἔστω τοῦτο ἀληθὲς εἶναι D.H.Comp.25
;ἔστω σοι τοῦθ' οὕτως Plu.2.987b
; Chr.74.24.B most freq., to be, the Copula connecting the predicate with the Subject, both being in the same case: hence, signify, import,τὸ γὰρ εἴρειν λέγειν ἐστίν Pl.Cra. 398d
; esp. in the phrase τοῦτ' ἔστι, hoc est;Σκαιόλαν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ Λαϊόν Plu.Publ.17
: with numerals, τὰ δὶς πέντε δέκα ἐστίν twice five are ten, X.Mem.4.4.7; εἶναί τις or τι, to be somebody, something, be of some consequence, v. τις; οὐδὲν εἶναι Pl.R. 562d, etc.2 periphr. with the Participle to represent the finite Verb: with [tense] pf. part. once in Hom., τετληότες εἰμέν, for τετλήκαμεν, Il.5.873; so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., ἦν τεθνηκώς, for ἐτεθνήκει, A. Ag. 869; ἔσται δεδορκώς ib. 1179;εἰμὶ γεγώς S.Aj. 1299
;πεφυκός ἐστι Ar.Av. 1473
;δεδρακότες εἰσίν Th.3.68
;κατακεκονότες ἔσεσθε X.An.7.6.36
: with [tense] aor. part., once in Hom.,βλήμενος ἦν Il.4.211
; so προδείσας εἰμί, οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσει; S.OT90, 1146, cf. A.Supp. 460: with [tense] pres. part.,ἦν προκείμενον Id.Pers. 371
;φεύγων Ὀρέστης ἐστίν Id.Ch. 136
;εἴην οὐκ ἂν εὖ φρονῶν S.Aj. 1330
; τί δ' ἐστί.. φέρον; Id.OT 991, cf. 274, 708;λέγων ἐστίν τις E.Hec. 1179
;ἦν τίς σ' ὑβρίζων Id.HF 313
;πόρρω ἤδη εἶ πορευόμενος Pl.Ly. 204b
;βαδίζων εἰμί Ar.Ra. 36
; freq. in Hdt.,ἦσαν ἱέντες 1.57
, al.; evenεἰσὶ διάφοροι ἐόντες 3.49
(s.v.l.):— if the Art. is joined with the Part., the noun is made emphatic, Κᾶρές εἰσι οἱ καταδέξαντες the persons who showed her were Carians, Id.1.171;αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ μαρτυρῶν A.Eu. 798
;δόλος ἦν ὁ φράσας S.El. 197
(anap.).C εἶναι is freq. modified in sense by the addition of Advbs., or the cases of Nouns without or with Preps.:I εἶναι with Advbs., where the Adv. often merely represents a Noun and stands as the predicate,ἅλις δέ οἱ ἦσαν ἄρουραι Il.14.122
, etc.; ἀκέων, ἀκήν εἶναι, to be silent, 4.22, Od.2.82;σῖγα πᾶς ἔστω λεώς E.Hec. 532
;διαγνῶναι χαλεπῶς ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον Il.7.424
; ἀσφαλέως ἡ κομιδὴ ἔσται will go on safely, Hdt.4.134; ἐγγύς, πόρρω εἶναι, Th.6.88, Pl.Prt. 356e: freq. impers. with words implying good or ill fortune, Κουρήτεσσι κακῶς ἦν it fared ill with them, Il.9.551;εὖ γὰρ ἔσται E.Med.89
, cf. Ar.Pl. 1188, etc.;ἡδέως ἂν αὐτοῖς εἴη D.59.30
.II c. gen., to express descent or extraction,πατρὸς δ' εἴμ' ἀγαθοῖο Il.21.109
;αἵματός εἰς ἀγαθοῖο Od. 4.611
, cf. Hdt.3.71, Th.2.71, etc.;πόλεως μεγίστης εἶ X.An.7.3.19
.b to express the material of which a thing is made, ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων consists of.., Hdt.1.93; τῆς πόλιος ἐούσης δύο φαρσέων ib. 186; τοιούτων ἔργων ἐστὶ ἡ τυραννίς is made up of.., Id.5.92.ή, etc.c to express the class to which a person or thing belongs, εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων you are one of them, Ar.Pl. 345;ἐτύγχανε βουλῆς ὤν Th.3.70
; ;Κριτίας τῶν τριάκοντα ὤν X.Mem.1.2.31
; ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν it is in the class of disgraceful things, i. e. it is disgraceful, D.2.2.d to express that a thing belongs to another,Τροίαν Ἀχαιῶν οὖσαν A.Ag. 269
;τὸ πεδίον ἦν μέν κοτε Χορασμίων Hdt.3.117
, etc.: hence, to be of the party of,ἦσαν.. τινὲς μὲν φιλίππου, τινὲς δὲ τοῦ βελτίστου D.9.56
, cf. 37.53; to be de pendent upon, S.Ant. 737, etc.; to be at the mercy of,ἔστι τοῦ λέγοντος, ἢν φόβους λέγῃ Id.OT 917
.e to express one's duty, business, custom, nature, and the like , οὔτοι γυναικός ἐστι 'tis not a woman's part, A.Ag. 940;τὸ ἐπιτιμᾶν παντὸς εἶναι D.1.16
; τὸ δὲ ναυτικὸν τέχνης ἐστίν is matter of art, requires art, Th.1.142, cf.83.f in LXX, to be occupied about,ἦσαν τοῦ θύειν 2 Ch.30.17
; ἔσεσθαι, c. gen., to be about to,ἐσόμεθα τοῦ σῶσαί σε 2 Ki.10.11
.2 with two dats., σφίσι τε καὶ Ἀθηναίοισι εἶναι οὐδὲν πρῆγμα that they and the Athenians have nothing to do one with another, Hdt.5.84;μηδὲν εἶναι σοὶ καὶ φιλίππῳ πρᾶγμα D.18.283
; more shortly, σοί τε καὶ τούτοισι πρήγμασι τί ἐστι; Hdt.5.33; τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάνῳ; D.29.36; τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί; Lat. quid tecum est mihi? Ev.Marc.5.7, etc.; also ἐμοὶ οὐδὲν πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους (sc. ἐστίν) Isoc.4.12; ; ἔσται αὐτῳ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, in tomb inscriptions, JHS18.113, etc.3 with ἄσμενος, βουλόμενος, etc., added, ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη 'twould be to my delight, Il.14.108;οὐκ ἂν σφίσι βουλομένοις εἶναι Th.7.35
;προσδεχομένῳ Id.6.46
; (lyr.); .IV with Preps., εἶναι ἀπό τινος, = εἶναί τινος (supr. 11.a), X.Mem.1.6.9;εἰσὶν ἀπ' ἐναντίων αὗται πραγμάτων Pl.Phlb. 12d
; but εἶναι ἀπ' οἴκου to be away from.., Th.1.99.2 εἶναι ἔκ τινος to be sprung from, εἴμ' ἐκ Παιονίης, Μυρμιδόνων ἔξ εἰμι, Il.21.154, 24.397, etc.; ἔστιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης it is of necessity, i. e. necessary, Pl.Sph. 256d.3 εἶναι ἐν .. to be in a certain state,ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι Hdt.1.22
; ἐν ἀθυμία, etc., Th.6.46, etc.;ἐν ταραχαῖς D.18.218
; εἶναι ἐν ἀξιώματι to be in esteem, Th.1.130; οἱ ἐν τέλεϊ ἐόντες those in office, Hdt.3.18, etc.; but εἶναι ἐν τέχνῃ, ἐν φιλοσοφία to be engaged in.., S.OT 562, Pl.Phd. 59a.b ἐν σοί ἐστι it depends on thee, Hdt.6.109, S.Ph. 963;ἐν σοὶ γάρ ἐσμεν Id.OT 314
; so also , X.Cyr.1.6.2, etc.4 εἶναι διά .., much like εἶναι ἐν .., εἶναι διὰ φόβου, = φοβεῖσθαι, Th.6.34; εἶναι δι' ὄχλου, = ὀχληρὸν εἶναι, Id.1.73;εἶναι διὰ μόχθων X.Cyr.1.6.25
; εἶναι δι' αἰτίας, = αἰτιᾶσθαι, D.H.1.70; Geom., pass through,διὰ τᾶς ἑτέρας διαμέτρου ἐόντος τοῦ ἐπιπέδου Archim.Con.Sph.20
.5 εἶναι ἐφ' ἑαυτῆς to be by oneself, D.25.23; εἶναι ἐπὶ ὀνόματος to bear a name, Id.39.21; εἶναι ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν to be engaged in.., Id.2.12; εἶναι ἐπί τινα to be against him, Id.6.33; εἶναι ἐφ' ἑξήκοντα στάδια to reach sixty stadia, X.An.4.6.11; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὰς ἁφάς pass through the points of contact, Apollon. Perg.Con.4.1; εἶναι ἐπί τινι, v. supr. 3 b.6 εἶναι πρός τινος to be in one's favour, Th.4.10,29, etc.; to suit, X.An. 1.2.11, etc.; εἶναι πρός τινι engaged in, Pl.Phd. 84c, Philostr.VA5.31; πρὸς τοῖς ἰδίοις mind one's own affairs, Arist.Pol. 1309a6, Ath.16.3;εἶναι πρὸς τὸ κωλύειν Plb.1.26.3
; πρὸς τὸ πονεῖν Telesp.46 H.;εἶναι περί τι X.An.3.5.7
, etc.7 εἶναι παρά τινι or τινα, = παρειναι, Id.Cyr.6.2.15, Hdt.8.140.ά (s.v.l.).8 εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τινι to be subject to.., X.HG5.2.17 (s.v.l.), 6.2.4.9 περὶ τούτων ἐστίν that is the question, Men.Epit.30.10 εἶναι ἀπό .., in Geom., to be constructed upon, Archim.Sph.Cyl.2.9, Con.Sph.7.D ἐστί is very freq. omitted, mostly in the [tense] pres. ind. before certain predicates, as ἀνάγκη, ἄξιον, δυνατόν, εἰκός, ἕτοιμον, οἷόν τε, ῥᾴδιον, χρεών, etc., and after the neut. of Verbals in - τέος, and such forms as θαυμαστὸν ὅσον: less freq. with other persons and moods, εἰμί omitted, S.OT92, Aj. 813; εἶ, Od.4.206; ἐσμέν, S.Ant. 634; ἐστέ, Od.10.463; εἰσί, S.OT 499 (lyr.), IG2.778 B; subj. ᾖ, Il.14.376, E.Hipp. 659, Antipho 5.32; opt. εἴη, IG22.1183.12; [tense] impf. ἦν, ib.2.778 B; [tense] fut. ἔσονται, Od.14.394.E the Inf. freq. seems redundant,1 in phrases implying power or will to do a thing, ἑκὼν εἶναι (v. ἑκών)κατὰ δύναμιν εἶναι Is.2.32
;εἰς δύναμιν εἶναι Pl.Plt. 300c
; τὸ ἐπ' ἐκείνοις εἶναι, quantum in illis esset, Th.8.48, X.HG3.5.9, cf. Lys.13.58;τὸ ἐπὶ σφᾶς εἶναι Th.4.28
;τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι X.An.1.6.9
;κατὰ τοῦτο εἶναι Pl.Prt. 317a
; τὸ τήμερον, τὸ νῦν εἶναι, Id.Cra. 396e, La. 201c, Theopomp. Com.98, Decr. ap. Arist.Ath.31.2, etc.2 after Verbs of naming or choosing, ;σύμμαχόν μιν εἵλοντο εἶναι Hdt.8.134
; of giving,δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναι Il. 11.20
.F [tense] impf. ἦνissts. used where other languages take the [tense] pres.,1 after ἄρα, to express a fact which is and has always been the same, δέρμα δὲ ἀνθρώπου.. ἦν ἄρα σχεδὸν δερμάτων πάντων λαμπρότατον human skin then it appears is.., Hdt.4.64;Κύπρις οὐκ ἄρ' ἦν θεός E. Hipp. 359
; ὡς ἄρ' ἦσθ' ἐμὸς πατὴρ ὀρθῶς ib. 1169;ἦ πολύμοχθον ἄρ' ἦν γένος.. ἁμερίων Id.IA 1330
;ἦ στωμύλος ἦσθα Theoc.5.79
; so also when there is reference to a past thought, τουτὶ τί ἦν; what is this? Ar.Ach. 157, cf. Pl.Cra. 387c: so in the Aristotelian formula τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι (APo.82b38, al.), used to express the essential nature of a thing, where τί ἦν (for ἐστί) takes the place of the dat. in such phrases as τὸ ἀγαθῷ εἶναι, τὸ μεγέθει εἶναι, APr.67b12, de An.429b10.G ἐγώ εἰμι, in LXX, pleonastic forἐγώ, ἐγώ εἰμι οὐχ ἥμαρτον Jd. 11.27
, cf. 6.18; alsoἔσται πᾶς ἀποκτενεῖ με Ge.4.14
. -
3 ἐγώ
ἐγώ (Hom.+) pers. pron. of the first pers. ἐμοῦ (μου), ἐμοί (μοι), ἐμέ (με); pl. ἡμεῖς, ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς: I, used w. a verb to emphasize the pers.: ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω Mt 10:16; ἐγὼ λέγω 21:27; ἐγὼ ἐπιτάσσω σοι Mk 9:25; ἐγὼ καταλύσω 14:58. Esp. in the antitheses of the Sermon on the Mount Mt 5:22–44 (s. ELohse, JJeremias Festschr. ’70, 189–203 [rabb.]). ἐγώ εἰμι it is I (in contrast to others) Mt 14:27; Lk 24:39; J 6:20; I am the man 9:9; w. strong emphasis: I am the one (i.e. the Messiah) Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8; J 8:24, 28; cp. vs. 58.—For the solemn I-style in J, esp. 10:7–14, cp. the Isis ins in Diod S 1, 27, 4; IG XII/5, 14 (SIG 1267) passim; PGM 5, 145ff (all three in Dssm., LO 109–12 [LAE 134ff]; further material there 109, 3 and in Hdb., excur. on J 8:12. See IAndrosIsis; GWetter, ‘Ich bin es’: StKr 88, 1915, 224–38; KZickendraht, ibid. 94, 1922, 162–68; ESchweizer, Ego Eimi ’39; WManson, JTS 48, ’47, 137–45; HSahlin, Zur Typologie des Joh-evangeliums ’50, 63–71; Bultmann 167, 2; GMacRae, CMoule Festschr., ’70, 122–34 [Gnostics]; JBergman, Ich bin Isis, 1968; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95).—On J 8:58 s. EFreed, JSNT 17, ’83, 52–59 (esp. p. 57f, n. 3, lit.).—ἰδοὺ ἐγώ (oft. LXX; s. PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 75ff) Mt 23:34; 28:20; Mk 1:2 v.l. (Mal 3:1); Lk 24:49. ἰδοὺ ἐγώ, κύριε here I am, Lord Ac 9:10 (cp. Gen 22:1; 27:1 al.).—ἐγώ I (will), or yes (Judg 13:11; cp. Epict. 2, 12, 18 ἔγωγε) Mt 21:30.—In gospel mss. ἐ. is also found without special emphasis, either as a Hebraism, Mk 12:26 (Ex 3:6); J 10:34 (Ps 81:6), or as a copyist’s addition (B-D-F §277, 2).—On the interchange of pl. and sg. (cp. Apollon. Rhod. 3, 784 ἄμμι [=ἡμῖν], on which the scholion reads: ἀντὶ ἑνικοῦ [=singular] τοῦ ἐμοὶ κεῖται τὸ ἄμμι. 3, 1111; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 18 §67 ἡμῖν=to me. Likew. 3, 48 §196 ἡμῖν in the words of Octavian; 3, 38 §152 μετεβάλομεν=I; Jos., Ant. 2, 68; Just., D. 1, 4) s. Mlt. 86f, esp. in Paul s. B-D-F §280; Rob. 406f; KDick, D. schriftstellerische Pl. b. Pls. 1900; EAskwith, Exp. 8th Ser., 1, 1911, 149–59; EvDobschütz, Wir u. Ich b. Pls: ZST 10, ’33, 251–77; WLofthouse, ET 64, ’52/53, 241–45; ARogers, ibid. 77, ’66, 339f. For J, s. AvHarnack, Das ‘Wir’ in den joh. Schriften: SBBerlAk 1923, 96–113.—FSlotty, Der sog. Pl. modestiae: IndogF 44, 1927, 155–90; on the pl. in Ac 27f s. Hemer, Acts 312–34 (lit.); UHolzmeister, De ‘plurali categoriae’ in NT a Patribus adhibito: Biblica 14, ’33, 68–95.—In the oblique cases the longer forms ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ are used as a rule where the main emphasis lies on the pron. ὁ ἀκούων ὑμῶν, ἐμοῦ ἀκούει Lk 10:16; τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν τε καὶ ἐμοῦ Ro 1:12 al., where the emphasis is suggested by the position of the pron.—The enclit. forms occur where the main emphasis lies on the noun or verb οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος Mt 10:37; τίς μου ἥψατο; Mk 5:31; ἀπαγγείλατέ μοι Mt 2:8 al. With prep. (Mayser 302f) the enclit. forms are used only in the case of ἔμπροσθεν and ὀπίσω, somet. ἐνώπιον (Ac 10:30; but cp. Lk 4:7 ἐ. ἐμοῦ), as well as w. πρός w. acc. after verbs of motion (δεῦτε πρός με Mt 11:28; cp. 3:14; J 6:37 v.l.; ἐρχέσθω πρός με 7:37; ἀπεσταλμένοι πρός με Ac 11:11 al.). Only the enclit. forms are used as substitutes for the possessive adj. ὁ λαός μου my people Mt 2:6; μενεῖτε ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ μου you will remain in my love, i.e. make it possible for me to continue to love you J 15:10. μου stands as objective gen. μιμηταί μου γίνεσθε become imitators of me 1 Cor 4:16.—The expr. τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί; is Hebraistic (=מַה־לִּי וָלָךְ), but it also made its way into vernac. Gk. (cp. Epict. 1, 22, 15; 1, 27, 13; 2, 19, 19; 1, 1, 16; ESchwartz, GGN 1908, p. 511, 3; DHesseling: Donum natalicium Schrijnen 1929, 665–68; FBurkitt, JTS 13, 1912, 594f; CLattey, ibid. 20, 1919, 335f); it may be rendered what have I to do w. you? what have we in common? leave me alone! never mind! It serves to refuse a request or invitation (2 Km 16:10; 19:23; 4 Km 3:13) J 2:4 (s. PGächter, ZKT 55, ’31, 351–402. Difft. JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 238–42.—Apparent indifference toward close relatives compared with the things of God, as Epict. 3, 3, 5 οὐδὲν ἐμοὶ καὶ τῷ πατρί, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀγαθῷ) and as a protest against hostile measures (Judg 11:12; 3 Km 17:18; 2 Ch 35:21; 1 Esdr 1:24) Mk 5:7; Lk 8:28; likew. τὶ ἡμῖν κ. σοί; (s. τίς 1 aβה) Mt 8:29; Mk 1:24; Lk 4:34 (cp. OBauernfeind, D. Worte d. Dämonen im Mk 1927).—On the ‘I’ Ro 7:7ff s. WKümmel, Rö 7 u. d. Bekehrung des Pls 1929; RBultmann: Imago Dei ’32, 53–62; BMartin, SJT 34, ’81, 39–47 (in support of Kümmel for pre-Christian identity). Also s. οἴμοι.—DELG. M-M. TW. -
4 εἰμι (εἶναι)
+ V 1730-1486-1362-1167-1202=6947 Gn 1,2.6.7.14.15to be, to exist Gn 1,7; to be [+pred.] Gn 1,2; to be [+adv.] Jb 9,2; to be occupied with [τινος] 2 Chr 30,17;to have [τινι] Jb 1,12; ἔστι (impers.) it is possible Wis 5,10Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν I am the one who is, I am the being Ex 3,14; πρὸς ἐμοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνήρ μου my husband will be with me or will become attached to me Gn 29,34; ἐσόμεθα τοῦ σῶσαί σε we shall be there to save you 2 Sm 10,11; ἐγώ εἰμι see ἐγώ*Is 4,5 καὶ ἔσται and it shall be-והיה for MT יהוהyhwh, see also Jl 4,11; *Is 16,4 ἔσονται they shall be-יהיוfor MT הוי ⋄הוה beCf. AERTS 1965, 52-209; HORSLEY 1989, 56; LE BOULLUEC 1989, 92; KILPATRICK 1963=1990 27;→NIDNTT; TWNT(→ἀπ-, ἐνεἰμι (εἶναι), ἐξεἰμι (εἶναι), ἐπεἰμι (εἶναι), παρεἰμι (εἶναι), περιεἰμι (εἶναι), συμπαρεἰμι (εἶναι), συμπροσεἰμι (εἶναι), συνεἰμι (εἶναι),,) -
5 ἐγώ
+ R 1824-2459-2672-3782-1792=12529 Gn 2,23(bis); 3,12(bis).13acc. ἐμέ, με; gen. ἐμοῦ, μου; dat. ἐμοῖ, μοι; I Gn 2,23ἐγώ εἰμι (καθήσομαι) I (will sit down) (ἐγώ εἰμι used as pers. pron. or as form of the divine name; semit., rendering Hebr. אנכי) Jgs 6,18, cpr. JgsB 5,3(bis)*JgsA 11,36 εἰ ἐν ἐμοί could (you) for me?-בי/ה for MT אבי my father (double transl. of the Hebr.); *Ps 101(102),24 μοι (tell) me-ֵאַלי for MT ֵאִלי my God; *Jb 17,16 μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ at my side, with me-ידי/ב or י/ב for MT בדי the bars (of Sheol); *Jb 30,14 μοι against me-אתי? for MT יאתיו they comeCf. BARTHÉLEMY 1963=1978 69-78; THACKERAY 1923 23.26; WILLIAMS 2000, 55-62; →NIDNTT; TWNT -
6 εἰμί
εἰμί, ich bin; Wurzel ἘΣ; praes. 1. Pers. εἰμί, ἐμμί, Sapph. frg. bei Longin. 10, 2 u. Theocr. 20, 32; 2. εἰ, ion. u. ep. εἶς, dor. u. ep. ἐσσί, enklit., wie auch εἶς gebraucht ist, Od. 4, 611; 3. ἐστί, dor. u. äol. ἐντί, Theocr. 1, 17; Inscr.; plur. 1. ἐσμέν, ion. u. ep. εἰμέν, wie Pind. P. 3, 60; sonst dor, εἰμές, Theocr. 2, 5; ἐμέν, Callim. frg. 294; 2. ἐστέ, 3. εἰσί, ion. ἔᾱσι, dor. ἐντί, Theocr. 5, 109; conj. ὦ, ep. ἔω u. s. w., ep. gedehnt εἴω, εἴῃς, εἴῃ, ἔῃσϑα Hes. O. 312, ᾖσι, 3. sing., ib. 292; opt. εἴην u. s. w., ep. ἔοιμι, ἔοι, Her. 7, 6; εἴησϑα, Theogn. 715; imp. ἴσϑι, u. aus dem med. ἔσσο, Od. 1, 392 u. Sapph. frg. bei Dion. Hal. C. V. 23, Sp. auch ἔσο, 3. ἔστω, auch ἤτω, bes. Sp., wie N. T.; 3. plur. ἔστωσαν, ἔστων u. ὄντων, Plat. Legg. IX, 879 b, dor. ἐόντω, Inscr. 1704 u. öfter. – Inf. εἶναι, ep. ἔμμεν u. ἔμμεναι, auch ἔμεν, ἔμεναι, dor. auch ἦμεν, Theocr. 11, 50; ἦμες, 8, 73; εἶμεν bei Thuc. 5, 77; εἴμεναι, megarisch, Ar. Ach. 775. – Part. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν, ep. u. ion. ἐών, dor. ἐοῖσα, Theocr. 2, 64; εὖντα, 2, 3; – impf. ἦν, ep. ἔον, Il. 23, 643, so auch 11, 762 bei Bekker für ἔην; ἔσκον oft; ion. auch ἔα, ἔας, verlängert ἦα, 3. ἦεν; auch ἔην u. ἤην, 2. ἦς, gew. ἦσϑα u. poet. ἔησϑα; ἦμες, wir waren, Theocr. 14, 29; ἦσαν, ion. u. dor. ἔσαν, auch ἔσσαν, Pind. Ol. 9, 57; aus dem med. ἤμην, Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 9 u. Lys. 7, 34; die anderen Personen in guter Attischer Prosa nicht; bei Homer εἴατο (= ἦντο) Iliad. 15, 10. 24, 84 Odyss. 20, 106, var. lect. εἵατο (= ἧντο), s. Lehrs Aristarch. ed. 2 p. 331; – fut. ἔσομαι, ep. ἔσσομαι, auch Pind. P. 8, 108, wie ἔσσεται, H. Pind., u. ἐσσεῖται, Il. 2, 393. 13, 317, wie Theocr. 7, 67, ἐσσῇ, 2. Perf., 10, 5; ἔσται Pind. P. 4, 63 u. sonst gew.; part. ἐσόμενος, ep. u. dor. ἐσσόμενος. – Adj. verb. ἐστέον. – Der ganze ind. praes. mit Ausnahme von εἶ ist inklinationssähig u. wird inklinirt, wenn εἰμί logische Copula ist; ἔστι wird auch im Anfang des Satzes u. nach εἰ, εἴπερ, ὅτι, ὡς, οὐκ, μή, καί, ἆρα (ἆρ'), ἀλλά (ἀλλ'), δέ (δ') und dem apostrophirten τοῠτ' geschrieben, nicht nach τοῠτο, τοῠτ' ἔστι, τοῠτό ἐστι. – 1) vorhanden sein, existiren, von Hom. an überall; – a) wirklich sein, im Ggstz des Scheinens; οὐ γὰρ δοκεῖν ἄριστος ἀλλ' εἶναι ϑέλει Aesch. Spt. 552; Xen. Cyr. 8, 1, 41; Thuc. 1, 10 διπλασίαν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσϑαι ἢ ἔστιν, als sie wirklich ist; τοῠτο ὃ ἔστι, das wahre Sein, Plat. Phaed. 75 b u. öfter; bes. im partic. ὁ ἐὼν λόγος, der wahre, Her. 1, 95. 116, u. τὸ ὄν, das wahrhaft Seiende, οὐ παρὰ τὰ ὄντα δοξάζοντες Plat. Phaedr. 262 b; τὰ ὄντα ἀπαγγέλλειν Thuc. 7, 8, die Wahrheit melden; Xen. An. 4, 4, 15; τῷ ἐόντι χρῆσϑαι, die Wahrheit sagen, Her. 1, 30; ὑπόϑεσιν παριστάντες ὑμῖν οὐχὶ τὴν οὖσαν, nicht die wirkliche, Dem. 3, 1; τὰ ὄντα, das Vorhandene, die ganze Schöpfung, aber auch = οὐσία, χρήματα, das Vermögen, Xen. An. 7, 8, 22 Cyr. 3, 1, 3 Plut. Anton. 24; τῷ ὄντι, in der That, wirklich, wahrhaft, τὰ τῷ ὄντι δίκαια Plat. Phaedr. 260 a; ἡ τῷ ὄντι ξυγγένεια Henez. 244 a; verstärkt ὡς ἀληϑῶς τῷ ὄντι, Phaed. 66 c; vgl. Xen. Conv. 2, 24. – b) leben; εἰ δέ κε τεϑνηῶτος ἀκούσῃς μηδ' ἔτ' ἐόντος, daß er nicht mehr lebt, Od. 1, 289; οὐ δὴν ἦν, er lebte nicht lange, Il. 6, 151; ἔτι εἰσί, sie sind noch am Leben, Ot. 15, 432 u. öfter; die Götter αἰὲν ἐόντες, die Nachkommen ἐσσόμενοι, die Lebenden οἱ ὄντες, Pol. 9, 29, 2. Oft so Tragg., Νέστωρ ὁ Πύλιος ἔστιν Soph. Phil. 420; οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί Eurip. Med. 1370; οὐκέτ' εἴμ' ἐγώ Ar. Ach. 1148; Her. 3, 65; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, der Todte, Thuc. 2, 44. Vollständiger, ἐν φάει, μετὰ ζώντων εἶναι, Soph. Phil. 413. 1296; Eur. Hec. 1214; auch von Sachen, ὄλωλεν, οὐδ' ἔτ' ἔστι Τροία Troad. 1290; ὧν ὑπομνήματα ἦσαν ὄντες οἱ στέφανοι, das Bestehen der Kränze, Dem. 22, 74. – c) fortdauern, fortbestehen; ὡς ἔστιν ἡ ψυχὴ ἀποϑανόντος τοῦ ἀνϑρώπου Plat. Phaed. 70 b; vgl. Conv. 190 b; ὁ νῠν ἔτι ὤν Prot. 316 d; übh. dauern, ἕως ἂν ὁ πόλεμος ᾖ Thuc. 1, 58; ζώντων Ἀϑηναίων καὶ ὄντων Dem. 18, 72. – d) Oft mit einem relativ. verbunden, εἰσὶν οἵ, es giebt Leute, welche, d. h. einige, manche, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις πλὴν ἐμοῠ κείραιτό νιν, es giebt nicht Einen, der, d. i. keiner außer mir, Aesch. Ch. 670, wie οὐκ ἔσϑ' ὃς σῆς γε κύνας κεφαλῆς ἀπαλάλκοι, Od., u. so Folgde überall; οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτῳ μείζονα μοῖραν νείμαιμι Aesch. Prom. 291; ἔσϑ' ὅτε, bisweilen, Soph. Ai. 56; Pind. frg. 172; τὸ γὰρ λευκὸν τῷ μέλανι ἔστιν ὅπῃ (in gewisser Beziehung) ἔοικε Plat. Prot. 331 d; ἔστιν ὁπόϑεν Phil. 53 a; ἔστιν ἔνϑα Xen. Cyr. 7, 4, 15; οὐκ ἔστιν, ὅτου ἕνεκα, es ist kein Grund, weswegen, An. 2, 5, 23; ἔσϑ' ὅπως, auf irgend eine Art, Plat. Rep. VI, 493 e; οὐκ ἔσϑ' ὅπως Pind. frg. 33; Her. 7, 102; οὐκ ἔσϑ' ὅπως οὐκ ἐπιϑήσεται, es ist nicht möglich, daß nicht, d. i. nothwendiger Weise, Xen. An. 2, 4, 3; vgl. οὐ γὰρ ἔσϑ' ὅπου μ' όλεῖς Soph. O. R. 448; häufig steht ἔστιν auch bei folgdm plur., ἔστιν οὓς ἐπαινῶ, einige, Plat. Prot. 346 e; ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ οἷς βέλτιον τεϑνάναι ἢ ζῆν, für einige u. zuweilen, Phaed. 62 a; αὐχμοὶ ἔστι παρ' οἷς μεγάλοι, bei einigen, Thuc. 1, 23; πλὴν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἔστιν ὧν ἄλλων ἐϑνῶν 3, 92; vgl. τῶν ποταμῶν ἔστι τῶν Her. 7, 187. Hieran kann man das sogen. schema Pindaricum reihen, wo vor einem dual. oder plur. der sing. steht, ἦν δ' ἀμφίπλεκτοι κλίμακες Soph. Tr. 517; εἰ δ' ἔστι δίττω τὼ βίω Plat. Gorg. 560 d; ἔστι – ἄρχοντές τε καὶ δῆμος Rep. V, 462 e; ἦν ἄρα κἀκεῖνοι ταλακάρδιοι ep. bei Aesch. 3, 184. – Ueber ἄρ' ἦν vgl. ἄρα. – e) Mit dem dat. der Person, ἔστι μοι, es ist für mich da, ich habe, besitze; ἓξ δέ οἱ υἷες ἔασιν Il. 24, 399; πρὸ τοῠ μὲν αἰδὼς ἦν ἐμοὶ λέγειν τάδε, ich scheute mich, Aesch. Ag. 1177; ἦν ἧμιν Λάϊός ποϑ' ἡγεμών Soph. O. R. 103; ἔστι τέκνα καὶ τῷδε Eur. Hec. 340; σκεψώμεϑα τί τοῠτ' ἔσται τῇ πόλει, was dies dem Staate nützen soll, Dem. 20, 20; ἔφασαν σφίσι τε καὶ Ἀϑηναίοισι εἶναι οὐδὲν πρῆγμα, sie hätten mit den Athenern Nichts zu schaffen, Her. 5, 84; vgl. Dem. 18, 283: τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ βασάνῳ 29, 36. – Hierher gehört die Vrbdg mit dem dat. des partic., bes. der Verba wollen, wünschen, ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη, es würde mir lieb sein, Il. 14, 108; ἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἦν (s. βούλομαι); ἦν αὐτῷ προςδεχομένῳ, = προςεδέχετο, Thuc. 6, 46; ἔστι μοι ἡδομένῳ Antiph. 6, 8. – f) ἔστι mit folgdm inf., es findet Statt, ist möglich, geht an, εἴ τί που ἔστι, wenn es möglich ist, Od. 4, 193; bes. mit der Negation, οὐκ ἔστι Διῒ μάχεσϑαι, man kann nicht mit Zeus kämpfen, Il. 21, 193; vgl. 13, 786. 15, 556. 20, 97; οὐκ ἔστ' οὐδ' ἔοικε τεὸν ἔπος ἀρνήσασϑαι 14, 212; οὔ πως ἔστι, Od. 5, 137; οὐδέ πη ἔστιν, Il. 6, 267. 24, 71; ϑάλασσα δ' οὐκ ἔτ' ἦν ἰδεῖν, war nicht mehr zu sehen, Aesch. Pers. 411; οὐκ ἔστι πέρσαι σοι τὸ Δαρδάνου πέδον Soph. Phil. 69; oft mit der Negation. auch mit folgdm ὥστε, ἆρ' ἔστιν ὥστε κἀγγύϑεν ϑέαν λαβεῖν 652; vgl. Eur. Hipp. 705; περὶ ὧν ἰδόντι μόνον ἐστὶν εἰδέναι Plat. Theaet. 201 b; ἄλλα μυρί' ἂν εἴη λέγειν, man könnte viel Anderes sagen, Polit. 271 e; ἐδόκει τὸ ἀπάγειν οὐκ εἶναι ἄνευ πολλῶν νεκρῶν, schien ohne großen Verlust nicht möglich, Xen. An. 5, 2, 9; ἔστι μὲν – ἔστι δέ entspricht sich so, Plat. Theaet. 192 e; Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 11; vgl. Od. 15, 391. – Zuweilen folgt der acc. c. inf., οὔπως ἔστιν – μεϑ' ὑμῖν δαίνυσϑαί τ' ἀκέοντα Od. 2, 310; ἁδόντα δ' εἴη με τοῖς ἀγαϑοῖς ὁμιλεῖν Pind. P. 2, 90; ἦ γάρ ποτ' ἔστιν ἐκπεσεῖν ἀρχῆς Δία Aesch. Prom, 759; vgl. Pers. 100; οὐκ ἔστι τοὺς ϑανόντας ἐς φάος μολεῖν Eur. Alc. 1079; τὰς ναῦς οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνελκύσαντας διαψῠξαι Thuc. 7, 12; der dat., ἔστι δὲ τερπομένοισιν ἀκούειν, Od. 15, 393. – Oft οὐκ ἔστι, οὐκ ἔστι ταῠτα, das geht nicht an, ist nicht möglich; – das partic., ἐκβῆναι οὐκ ὄν, da es nicht anging, Dem. 50, 22; vgl. χαλεπὸν ὄν, obgleich es schwer ist, 55, 35. – 2) sein als Copula, überall. Zu bemerken sind die Fälle, – a) wo das adv. dabei steht u. εἶναι eigentlich die Existenz, das adv. eine Modification derselben ausspricht; οὕτω πη τάδε, γ' ἐστὶ – ὡς ἀγορεύεις, so verhält es sich, Il. 24, 373; οὐδὲ Λυκόοργος δὴν ἦν 6, 130; διαγνῶναι χαλεπῶς ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον 7, 424; Κουρήτεσσι κακῶς ἦν Il. 9, 551. Seltener in Prosa; ἡ διακομιδὴ ἀσφαλέως ἡμῖν ἔσται Her. 3, 134; ὁποτέρως ἔσται, ἐν ἀδήλῳ Thuc. 1, 78; ἔλασσον εἶναι, im Nachtheil stehen, 6, 88; vgl. 5, 23; διαφερόντως εἶναι Plat. Legg. X, 892 c. Häufig καλῶς εἶναι, Xen. An. 4, 3, 8. 7, 3, 43. Davon zu unterscheiden sind die adv., welche die Stelle fehlender adj. vertreten, ἐγγύς, πόῤῥω, ἐμποδὼν εἶναι u. ä. – b) das partic. ὤν entspricht oft dem deutschen als, wenn es eine Apposition anfügt, τοιοῦτος ὤν, als ein solcher, bes. häufig bei Altersbestimmungen u. wenn ein Substantiv od. Adjectiv mit einem Particip verbunden werden soll, ἀνὴρ συμφορῇ ἐχόμενος καὶ οὐ καϑαρὸς χεῖρας ἐών Her. 1, 35. – c) mit Participien bildet es nicht selten Umschreibungen, in denen aber der Begriff des Seins von dem des Verbums aus einander zu halten ist, c. praes., Ὀρέστης φεύγων ἐστί, ist ein Fliehender, auf der Flucht, nicht = φεύγει, Aesch. Ch. 134, wie αἰδόμενός τις ἔστω Eum. 519, Einer, der im Zustande des Scheu Empfindenden verharrt; ὅτοις τάδ' ἔστ' ἀρέσκοντα Soph. O. R. 274; οὐδέν ἐστ' ἀπόν 1285; ἦ γὰρ εἴην οὐκ ἂν εὖ φρονῶν Ai. 1309; δρῶν γὰρ ἦν τοιαῦτά με 1303; ἐμοὶ μὲν ἥδ' ὁδὸς ἔσται μέλουσα Phil. 1435. – Anders mit dem Artikel, τίς δ' ἦν ὁ ἔχων, wer war der, der da hatte, der Besitzer, Xen. Cyr. 7, 2, 28; ἔσται ὁ κρίνων, der Richter 2, 3, 12; τίς ἔσται οὑπικωλύσων τάδε; Soph. Phil. 1226; ὅστις ἦν ἐκεῖνον ὁ κτανών O. R. 140; αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ μαρτυρῶν, der Zeuge, Aesch. Eum. 765; Suppl. 566 u. A. – Ganz verschieden, wo das Particip für sich zu nehmen, wie Xen. καὶ ἐνϑάδ' εἰμὶ σὺν πολλῷ φόβῳ διάγων, ich bin hier, u. zwar mit großer Furcht, An. 3, 3, 2. – Καὶ τί ποτ' ἐστὶν οὗτος ἐκείνου διαφέρων, anders als διαφέρει, worin ist er (dauernd) unterschieden, Plat. Gorg. 500 c; ἔστι δὲ ὄντως ὄν Legg. X, 894 a; vgl. Her. 3, 49. 108. – Am häufigsten c. part. perf.; τετληότες εἰμέν Il. 5, 873; εἰ δ' ἦν τεϑνηκώς Aesch. Ag. 843; ἐκ πατρὸς μέν εἰμι Τελαμῶνος γεγώς Soph. Ai. 1278; τίς χρόνος τοῖςδ' ἐστὶν ἐληλυϑώς O. R. 735; ὧν πρότερον ἐπιστήμην εἰληφότες ἦμεν Plat. Phaed. 76 b; πόσον ἁμάρτημα φῂς εἶναι γεγονὸς ἡμῖν Crat. 274 e; δεδρακότες εἰσίν Thuc. 3, 68; βεβοηϑηκότες ἦσαν Xen. An. 6, 2, 24; im pass., ὡς ἕκαστος ἦν τεταγμένος Aesch. Pers. 373; ὁϑούνεκ' ἔσοιϑ' ἅμ' ὠρφανισμένος Soph. Tr. 937. – C. part. aor., προδείσας εἶμί Soph. O. R. 90; οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσει 1146; τίν' αὐδὴν τήνδε γηρυϑεῖσ' ἔσῃ Aesch. Suppl. 455; κατακανόντες ἔσεσϑε Xen. An. 7, 6, 36. – 3) Dieses sein wird mit dem gen. u. mit vielen Präpositionen zur genauern Bestimmung des Prädicats verbunden: – a) mit dem gen., zunächst die Abkunft od. Abstammung auszudrücken; πατρὸς δ' εἴμ' ἀγαϑοῖο, αἵματός εἰς ἀγαϑοῖο, von gutem Vater, aus gutem Geblüt, Od. 4, 611; ὢν ἐλευϑέρου πατρός Aesch. Ch. 902; πατρὸς μὲν οὖσα γένεσιν Εὐρύτου Soph. Ir. 379; τίνος εἶ σπέρματος πατρόϑεν O. C. 214; γένος μέν εἰμι τῆς περιῤῥύτου Σκύρου Phil. 239; sonst mit ἐκ, z. B. ἐκ Παιονίης Il. 21, 154; ἐξ ἐλευϑέρων ἀνδρῶν Soph. Tr. 300; vgl. ἐκ; – πατρὸς τίνος ἐστὶ καὶ μητρός; Plat. Conv. 203 a; οἰκίας μεγάλης καὶ εὐδαίμονος Prot. 316 b, aus einem großen Hause; so ἀπό Plat. Conv. 181 b, ἐκ Gorg. 471 a; – πόλεως ἐλαχίστης, μεγίστης εἶ, Thuc. 4, 59 Xen. An. 7, 3, 19; vgl. Thuc. 3, 70; Xen. An. 3, 1, 13; – ἐνϑυμήϑητε ἃ ἔσται ἐντεῠϑεν, was daraus entstehen wird, 7, 1, 25. – Auch = bestehen aus, ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίϑων μεγάλων Her. 1, 93. – b) mit dem gen., zur Bezeichnung einer Pflicht, Eigenthümlichkeit u. dgl., es ist die Sache; οὔτοι γυναικός ἐστιν ἱμείρειν μάχης Aesch. Ag. 914; vgl. Spt. 212; τό γ' αἴνιγμα οὐχὶ τοὐπιόντος ἦν ἀνδρὸς διειπεῖν, es konnte nicht der Erste Beste lösen, Soph. O. R. 393; σωφρόνων ἐστί Thuc. 1, 120; ἆρ' οὖν παντὸς ἀνδρός ἐστιν ἐκλέξασϑαι Plat. Gorg. 500 a; τῶν νικώντων τὸ ἄρχειν ἐστίν, das Herrschen kommt den Siegern zu, Xen. An. 2, 1, 4; τὸ ναυτικὸν τέχνης ἐστί Thuc. 1, 142, erfordert Kunst; ἔστιν ὁ πόλεμος οὐχ ὅπλων τὸ πλέον, ἀλλὰ δαπάνης 1, 83; vgl. 5, 9; αὐτὸ τὸ σιγᾶν ὁμολογοῠντός ἐστί σου, verräth, daß du es zugiebst, Eur. I. A. 1151. Sprichwörtlich οὐ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς εἰς Κόρινϑόν ἐσϑ' ὁ πλοῠς, nicht Jeder kann nach Korinth fahren; τὸ ἐπιτιμᾶν παντὸς εἶναι, tadeln könne Jeder, Dem. 1, 16. – c) mit dem gen., das Eigenthum ausdrückend u. die Unterwürfigkeit; Τροίαν Ἀχαιῶν οὖσαν Aesch. Ag. 260; πόλις γάρ ἐστι πᾶσα τῶν ἡγουμένων Soph. Phil. 386; τὸ κράτος ἐστὶ τοῦ βασιλέος Her. 3, 117; Κοτύωρα ἦν ἐκείνων Xen. An. 5, 5, 7; ἔλαϑον ὄντες ἀεὶ τῶν ἐπιϑεμένων Plat. Polit. 307 c, eine Beute derer, die sie angriffen; vgl. Gorg. 508 d; μήτε συγγνώμης μήτ' ἄλλου μηδενός εἰσιν, ἀλλ' ἢ τοῠ πλείονος, sondern nur dem Gewinn ergeben, nehmen weder auf Mirleid noch sonst Etwas Rücksicht, Dem. 37, 53. Häufig ἑαυτοῦ εἶναι, sein eigener Herr sein. – Hieran reiht sich οὐδετέρων ὄντες, neutral, Thuc. 5, 84; τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης εἶναι 5, 46; τούτου τοῠ τρόπου πώς εἰμ' ἀεί Ar. Plut. 246; εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων 345, gehörst zu den Freunden; Ἀϑηναῖοί εἰσι τῶν ἡγουμένων, gehören zu den Anführern, Plat. Prot. 324 c; ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τῶν καλλίστων σοφία Conv. 204 b; ἅτε τοῠ Ἀπόλλωνος ὄντες, dem Apollo geweiht, Phaed. 75 b; ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν, es gehört zu den schimpflichen Dingen, ist schimpflich, Dem. 2, 2. – Auch das Alter wird so bezeichnet, εἶναι ἐτῶν τριάκοντα, von dreißig Jahren sein, Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 14; vgl. Her. 1, 26. – d) ἔκ τινος εἶναι, s. ἐκ, bestehen; ἐξ ὀνομάτων μόνον οὐκ ἔστι ποτὲ λόγος Plat. Soph. 262 a; ἐκ πολλῶν μερῶν ὄν, daraus bestehend, 245 b; – δ ιὰ φόβου εἶναι, = φοβεῖσϑαι u. ä., s. διά; – εἴς τινα, sich auf Einen beziehen; ἐλπίδες εἰς τὸν ἔπειτα χρόνον οὖσαι Plat. Phil. 39 e; Alc. I, 126 a; – ἐν τινι, häufige Umschreibung, ἐν ὀργῇ εἶναι = ὀργίζεσϑαι, wie versari; ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ εἶναι, s. ἐν; – εἰ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ εἴη, wenn es daran läge, Plat. Prot. 310 e; ἐπί τινι εἶναι, s. ἐπί; – μετά τινος u. σύν τινι, wie ἀμφί u. περί τινι εἶναι, s. diese Präpositionen. – 4) In vielen Vrbdgn liegt in εἶναι mehr als das bloße sein: – a) bedeu ten; τὸ γὰρ εἴρειν λέγειν ἐστί Plat. Crat. 398 d; οὐκοῠν τὸ ἐν ὄχλῳ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς μὴ εἰδόσιν Gorg. 459 a; οἱ δοκοῠντες εἶναί τι, die sich Etwas zu sein dünken, vgl. οὐδὲν εἴμ' ἄρα, Ar. Vesp. 997; Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 8; τὰ δὶς πέντε δέκα ἐστίν, zweimal fünf macht zehn. Bes. τοῠτ' ἔστιν, das heißt, bedeutet; ὅπερ ἐστί, was soviel bedeutet wie, Plut. Popl. 17. – b) sich befinden, aufhalten, Thuc. u. A. – c) entstehen, sich ereignen u. dgl.; ὅϑεν τὰ δεινὰ πλήγματ' ἦν γενειάδων Eur. I. T 1366; αὐτίκα βοὴ ἦν Thuc. 3, 22; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο; wie kam das? Plat. Phaed. 58 a; ἔσται τοίνυν σοι, ἐὰν ἐμοὶ συνῇς, ἀπιέναι βελτίονι γεγονότι Prot. 318 a; vgl. Gorg. 455 d; πόϑεν γὰρ ἔσται βιοτά; Soph. Phil. 1160, woher soll Lebensunterhalt kommen? ἔσται ταῦτα, das soll geschehen, Plat. Theaet. 194 d; ὡς δ' ἦσαν ἐμβολαὶ δοράτων Plut. Coriol 9. – 5) Pleonastisch tritt εἶναι scheinbar hinzu in Vrbdgn, wie τόν ποτέ οἱ Κινύρης δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναι, Il. 11, 20, er gab es ihm, daß es ihm ein Gastgeschenk sei, zum Gastgeschenke; bes. bei nennen, μάτρωος δ' ἐκάλεσσέ μιν ἰσώνυμον ἔμμεν Pind. Ol. 9, 64, nannte ihn, so daß er denselben Namen hatte; σοφιστὴν δή τοι ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι Plat. Prot. 311 e; στρατηγὸν ἀπεδέξαντο αὐτέων εἶναι Μελάνϑιον Her. 5, 97; auffallender in absoluten, bes. einschränkenden Zwischensätzen, ἐγὼ δὲ τούτοις ἅπασι κατὰ τοῠτο εἶναι οὐ ξυμφέρομαι, in dieser Beziehung, Plat. Prot. 317 a; τὸ κατὰ τοῠτον εἶναι Xen. An. 1, 6, 9, wenigstens was ihn betrifft; τὸ μὲν τήμερον εἶναι, für heute, Plat. Crat. 396 e; ἐάσωμεν τὸ νῠν εἶναι, für jetzt, Rep. VI, 506 e; Xen. An. 3, 2, 37 Cyr. 5, 3, 42; τὸ μὲν ἐπ' ἐκείνοις εἶναι ἀπολώλατε Hell. 3, 5, 9; τόγε ἐπ' ἐκείνῳ εἶναι ἐσώϑης Lys. 13, 58; τὸ ἐπ' ἐμοὶ εἶναι, so viel an mir liegt, Thuc. 8, 48; τὸ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων εἰς δύναμιν εἶναι γεγραμμένα Plat. Polit. 300 c, nach Vermögen. Bes. häufig ἑκὼν εἶναι, s. d. W. – Ueber die Auslassungen der Copula εἶναι sind die Grammatiken und für Homer besonders Lehrs Aristarch. ed. 2 p. 364 zu vergleichen. Derselbe p. 344 über Formen von εἶναι zu Anfang des Verses.
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7 εἰμί
εἰμί, ich bin; (1) vorhanden sein, existieren. (a) wirklich sein, im Ggstz des Scheinens; διπλασίαν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσϑαι ἢ ἔστιν, als sie wirklich ist; τοῠτο ὃ ἔστι, das wahre Sein; ὁ ἐὼν λόγος, der wahre, u. τὸ ὄν, das wahrhaft Seiende; τὰ ὄντα ἀπαγγέλλειν, die Wahrheit melden; τῷ ἐόντι χρῆσϑαι, die Wahrheit sagen; ὑπόϑεσιν παριστάντες ὑμῖν οὐχὶ τὴν οὖσαν, nicht die wirkliche; τὰ ὄντα, das Vorhandene, die ganze Schöpfung, aber auch = οὐσία, χρήματα, das Vermögen; τῷ ὄντι, in der Tat, wirklich, wahrhaft. (b) leben; εἰ δέ κε τεϑνηῶτος ἀκούσῃς μηδ' ἔτ' ἐόντος, daß er nicht mehr lebt; οὐ δὴν ἦν, er lebte nicht lange; ἔτι εἰσί, sie sind noch am Leben; die Götter αἰὲν ἐόντες, die Nachkommen ἐσσόμενοι, die Lebenden οἱ ὄντες; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, der Tote. Vollständiger, ἐν φάει, μετὰ ζώντων εἶναι; auch von Sachen; ὧν ὑπομνήματα ἦσαν ὄντες οἱ στέφανοι, das Bestehen der Kränze. (c) fortdauern, fortbestehen; übh. dauern. (d) Oft mit einem relativ. verbunden, εἰσὶν οἵ, es gibt Leute, welche, d. h. einige, manche, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις πλὴν ἐμοῠ κείραιτό νιν, es gibt nicht einen, der, d. i. keiner außer mir; ἔσϑ' ὅτε, bisweilen; οὐκ ἔστιν, ὅτου ἕνεκα, es ist kein Grund, weswegen; ἔσϑ' ὅπως, auf irgend eine Art; οὐκ ἔσϑ' ὅπως οὐκ ἐπιϑήσεται, es ist nicht möglich, daß nicht, d. i. notwendiger Weise; ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ οἷς βέλτιον τεϑνάναι ἢ ζῆν, für einige u. zuweilen; αὐχμοὶ ἔστι παρ' οἷς μεγάλοι, bei einigen. (e) Mit dem dat. der Person, ἔστι μοι, es ist für mich da, ich habe, besitze; πρὸ τοῠ μὲν αἰδὼς ἦν ἐμοὶ λέγειν τάδε, ich scheute mich; σκεψώμεϑα τί τοῠτ' ἔσται τῇ πόλει, was dies dem Staate nützen soll; ἔφασαν σφίσι τε καὶ Ἀϑηναίοισι εἶναι οὐδὲν πρῆγμα, sie hätten mit den Athenern Nichts zu schaffen. Verba wollen, wünschen, ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη, es würde mir lieb sein. (f) ἔστι mit folgdm inf., es findet statt, ist möglich, geht an, εἴ τί που ἔστι, wenn es möglich ist; bes. mit der Negation, οὐκ ἔστι Διῒ μάχεσϑαι, man kann nicht mit Zeus kämpfen; ϑάλασσα δ' οὐκ ἔτ' ἦν ἰδεῖν, war nicht mehr zu sehen; ἄλλα μυρί' ἂν εἴη λέγειν, man könnte viel anderes sagen; ἐδόκει τὸ ἀπάγειν οὐκ εἶναι ἄνευ πολλῶν νεκρῶν, schien ohne großen Verlust nicht möglich; ἔστι μὲν ἔστι δέ entspricht sich so. Oft οὐκ ἔστι, οὐκ ἔστι ταῠτα, das geht nicht an, ist nicht möglich; ἐκβῆναι οὐκ ὄν, da es nicht anging; χαλεπὸν ὄν, obgleich es schwer ist. (2) sein als Copula, überall. (a) wo das adv. dabei steht u. εἶναι eigentlich die Existenz, das adv. eine Modification derselben ausspricht; οὕτω πη τάδε, γ' ἐστὶ ὡς ἀγορεύεις, so verhält es sich; ἔλασσον εἶναι, im Nachteil stehen. (b) das partic. ὤν entspricht oft dem deutschen als, wenn es eine Apposition anfügt, τοιοῦτος ὤν, als ein solcher, bes. häufig bei Altersbestimmungen. (c) mit Participien bildet es nicht selten Umschreibungen, in denen aber der Begriff des Seins von dem des Verbums aus einander zu halten ist, Ὀρέστης φεύγων ἐστί, ist ein Fliehender, auf der Flucht; αἰδόμενός τις ἔστω, einer, der im Zustande des Scheu Empfindenden verharrt. Anders mit dem Artikel, τίς δ' ἦν ὁ ἔχων, wer war der, der da hatte, der Besitzer; ἔσται ὁ κρίνων, der Richter; αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ μαρτυρῶν, der Zeuge. Ganz verschieden, wo das Particip für sich zu nehmen, wie καὶ ἐνϑάδ' εἰμὶ σὺν πολλῷ φόβῳ διάγων, ich bin hier, u. zwar mit großer Furcht. (3) Dieses sein wird mit dem gen. u. mit vielen Präpositionen zur genauern Bestimmung des Prädicats verbunden. (a) mit dem gen., zunächst die Abkunft od. Abstammung auszudrücken; πατρὸς δ' εἴμ' ἀγαϑοῖο, αἵματός εἰς ἀγαϑοῖο, von gutem Vater, aus gutem Geblüt; οἰκίας μεγάλης καὶ εὐδαίμονος, aus einem großen Hause; ἐνϑυμήϑητε ἃ ἔσται ἐντεῠϑεν, was daraus entstehen wird. Auch = bestehen aus. (b) mit dem gen., zur Bezeichnung einer Pflicht, Eigentümlichkeit u. dgl., es ist die Sache; τό γ' αἴνιγμα οὐχὶ τοὐπιόντος ἦν ἀνδρὸς διειπεῖν, es konnte nicht der erste Beste lösen; τῶν νικώντων τὸ ἄρχειν ἐστίν, das Herrschen kommt den Siegern zu; τὸ ναυτικὸν τέχνης ἐστί, erfordert Kunst; αὐτὸ τὸ σιγᾶν ὁμολογοῠντός ἐστί σου, verrät, daß du es zugibst. Sprichwörtlich οὐ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς εἰς Κόρινϑόν ἐσϑ' ὁ πλοῠς, nicht jeder kann nach Korinth fahren; τὸ ἐπιτιμᾶν παντὸς εἶναι, tadeln könne jeder. (c) mit dem gen., das Eigentum ausdrückend u. die Unterwürfigkeit; ἔλαϑον ὄντες ἀεὶ τῶν ἐπιϑεμένων. eine Beute derer, die sie angriffen: μήτε συγγνώμης μήτ' ἄλλου μηδενός εἰσιν, ἀλλ' ἢ τοῠ πλείονος, sondern nur dem Gewinn ergeben, nehmen weder auf Mitleid noch sonst etwas Rücksicht; ἑαυτοῦ εἶναι, sein eigener Herr sein; εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων, gehörst zu den Freunden; Ἀϑηναῖοί εἰσι τῶν ἡγουμένων, gehören zu den Anführern; ἅτε τοῠ Ἀπόλλωνος ὄντες, dem Apollo geweiht; ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν, es gehört zu den schimpflichen Dingen, ist schimpflich. Auch das Alter wird so bezeichnet, εἶναι ἐτῶν τριάκοντα, von dreißig Jahren sein. (d) ἔκ τινος εἶναι, s. ἐκ, bestehen; ἐκ πολλῶν μερῶν ὄν, daraus bestehend; εἴς τινα, sich auf einen beziehen; ἐν τινι, häufige Umschreibung, ἐν ὀργῇ εἶναι = ὀργίζεσϑαι, wie versari; εἰ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ εἴη, wenn es daran läge. (4) In vielen Vrbdgn liegt in εἶναι mehr als das bloße sein. (a) bedeuten; οἱ δοκοῠντες εἶναί τι, die sich etwas zu sein dünken; τὰ δὶς πέντε δέκα ἐστίν, zweimal fünf macht zehn. Bes. τοῠτ' ἔστιν, das heißt, bedeutet; ὅπερ ἐστί, was soviel bedeutet wie. (b) sich befinden, aufhalten. (c) entstehen, sich ereignen; ἔσται ταῦτα, das soll geschehen. (5) Pleonastisch tritt εἶναι scheinbar hinzu in Vrbdgn, wie τόν ποτέ οἱ Κινύρης δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναι, er gab es ihm, daß es ihm ein Gastgeschenk sei, zum Gastgeschenke; bes. bei nennen, μάτρωος δ' ἐκάλεσσέ μιν ἰσώνυμον ἔμμεν, nannte ihn, so daß er denselben Namen hatte; auffallender in absoluten, bes. einschränkenden Zwischensätzen, ἐγὼ δὲ τούτοις ἅπασι κατὰ τοῠτο εἶναι οὐ ξυμφέρομαι, in dieser Beziehung; τὸ κατὰ τοῠτον εἶναι, wenigstens was ihn betrifft; τὸ μὲν τήμερον εἶναι, für heute; ἐάσωμεν τὸ νῠν εἶναι, für jetzt; τὸ ἐπ' ἐμοὶ εἶναι, so viel an mir liegt -
8 ειμι
I.(fut. ἔσομαι, impf. ἦν и ἦ; imper. ἴσθι; conjct. ὦ; opt. εἴην; inf. εἶναι; недостающ. формы aor. и pf. восполняются соотв. формами глагола γίγνομαι)1) быть, существовать(οὐκ ἔσθ΄ οὗτος ἀνέρ οὐδ΄ ἔσσεται Hom.; οὐδ΄ ἔτ΄ ἔστι Τροία Eur.)
οἱ ὄντες Polyb. — те, которые (еще) существуют, живые;οἱ οὐκ ὄντες Thuc. — те, которых (уже) нет, умершие;ἐσσόμενοι (ἄνθρωποι) Hom. — потомки;ζώντων καὴ ὄντων Dem. — при их жизни, перен. у них на глазах;οὐ δέν ἦν Hom. — он недолго (про)жил;πνεύματος ἤδη μὲν ὄντος, οὔπω δὲ παρόντος Arst. — когда ветер уже поднялся, но еще не дошел (до нас);ἄκων ἔστιν οὓς ἐγὼ ἐπαινῶ Plat. — существуют (люди), которых я не могу не хвалить;ἐμοὴ οὐδέν ἐστι πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους Isocr. — у меня нет ничего общего с ними;σοί τε καὴ τούτοισι πρήγμασι τί ἐστι ; Her. — что тебе до этого?2) (как глагол-связка; в praes. часто, но реже, чем по-русски, опускается)διαγνῶναι χαλεπῶς ἦν Hom. — трудно было узнать;
ἔστι γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ κεφάλαιον Plat. — ведь в этом суть;καλῶς ἔσται Xen. — (все) будет хорошо;ἔτι νέος ὤν Xen. — будучи еще молодым;φεύγων ἐστίν Eur. — он в изгнании3) быть, находиться, являться, оказыватьсяἰατρὸν φάσκουτιν αὐτὸν εἶναι Plat. — говорят, что он врач;
εἶναι ἐν ἀθυμίᾳ Thuc. — прийти в уныние;οἱ ἐν πάθει ὄντες Arst. — охваченные страстью;οἱ ἐν τέλει ὄντες Thuc. — носители власти, обладающие властью;πρὸς Διὸς εἶναι Hom. — находиться под защитой Зевса;ὀνομάζειν τινὰ σοφιστέν εἶναι Plat. — называть кого-л. софистом;εἰσὴ ἀλλήλοισι διάφοροι ἐόντες ἑωυτοῖσι Her. — они находятся в состоянии постоянных распрей;οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσει ; Soph. — не замолчишь ли ты?;ἐμοὴ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη Hom. — мне было бы (это) приятно;ἦν αὐτῷ προσδεχομένῳ Thuc. — (это) не было для него неожиданностью;εἴ σοι ἡδομένῳ ἐστίν Plat. — если тебе это доставит удовольствие4) быть, значить, составлять, равнятьсяτοῦτ΄ ἐστι Xen., Plat., Arst.; — то-есть;
τὸ εἴρειν λέγειν ἐστίν Plat. — (слово) «εἴρειν» значит «говорить»;τὰ δὴς πέντε δέκα ἐστίν Xen. — дважды пять - десять5) бывать, происходить, случаться, тж. обстоятьτί ἔστι(ν) ; Soph., Arph. и τοῦτο τί ἦν ; Arph. — что такое?, в чем дело?;
τὰ ἐόντα τὰ τ΄ ἐσσόμενα πρό τ΄ ἐόντα Hom. — настоящее, будущее и прошлое;ἔστι δ΄ ὅπῃ νῦν ἔστι Aesch. — что есть, то есть, т.е. свершилось, ничего не поделаешь;τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο ; Plat. — как это случилось?;πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἦν Xen. — дело было под вечер;τὸ ἔσται καὴ τὸ μέλλον Arst. — будущее и то, что (лишь) может произойти;βοέ ἦν Thuc. — раздался крикοἰκονομου ἀγαθοῦ ἐστιν εὖ οικεῖν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ οἶκον Xen. — хороший хозяин должен хорошо управлять своим домом:
παντός ἐστι Dem. — всякий в состоянии, каждый может;οὐκ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου Xen. — (это) было не в характере Кира7) быть сложенным, состоятьἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων Her. — основание сложено из больших камней;
οἱ στέφανοι ῥόδων ἦσαν Dem. — венки были сплетены из роз8) действительно быть, быть подлинным или истиннымτὸ ὄν тж. pl. филос. Plat., Arst.; — истинно сущее, подлинное бытие;
τὸ μέ ὄν филос. Plat., Arst. — не сущее, небытие;οὐ δοκεῖν, ἀλλ΄ εἶναι Aesch. — не казаться, а (действительно) быть;τῷ ὄντι Plat. — в действительности, истинно, поистине;τὸν ἐόντα λέγειν λόγον и τῷ ἐόντι χρήσασθαι Her. — говорить правду;ἔστι ταῦτα Plat. — да, так оно и есть;τὰ ὄντα ἀπαγγέλλειν Thuc. — сообщить о действительном положении вещей;ἀφαιρεῖσθαί τινα τὰ ὄντα Plut. — отнять у кого-л. имущество9) относиться, касаться, быть причастным, принадлежатьἥ ἰατρικέ περὴ τὰ νοσήματα ἐστί Plat. — врачебное искусство занимается болезнями;εἶναιἀμφί и περί τι Xen., ἔν τινι Soph., Plat. или πρός τινι Arst. — быть занятым или озабоченным чем-л.;ὅσα ὕδατός ἐστι Arst. — то, что имеет природу воды;οἱ παρὰ βασιλεῖ ὄντες Xen. — приближенные царя;εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων Arph. — ведь ты - из числа (моих) друзей;Φιλίππου εἶναι Dem. — быть сторонником Филиппа;τέχνης ἐστίν Thuc. — это - дело искусства;τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης εἶναι Thuc. — быть одного и того же мнения;τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι Xen. — что касается его;τὸ σύμπαν εἶναι Her. — в целом, вообще;κατὰ Hom. и εἰς δύναμιν εἶναι Plat. — в меру возможности;τὸ νῦν εἶναι Plat. — в настоящий момент, пока10) происходить, вести свой род(πατρὸς ἐξ ἀγαθοῦ Hom.; ἀπό τινος Xen.)
ἐκ Παιονίης εἶναι Hom. — быть родом из Пеонии;ἐκ πατρός εἰμι Τελαμῶνος γεγώς Soph. — я - сын Теламона;αἵματος ἀγαθοῖο ἔμ(μ)εναι Hom. — быть знатного происхождения11) (часто с gen. ηεξεςισ) бытьἦν ἐτῶν ὡς τριάκοντα Xen. — было ему лет сорок;
ἐπὴ ὀνόματός τινος εἶναι Dem. — носить какое-л. имя12) преимущ. impers. (= ἔξεστι См. εξεστι) быть возможным, бывать (иногда), случатьсяἔστι μὲν εὕδειν, ἔστι δὲ τερπομένοισιν ἀκούειν Hom. — можно поспать, можно и поразвлечься беседой;
εἰ τί που ἔστι Hom. — если позволено;ἆρ΄ ἔστιν ὥστε …;Soph. — нельзя ли …?;οὐκ ἔστι τοὺς θανόντας εἰς φάος μολεῖν Eur. — мертвые не воскресают;ἔστιν ἔνθα ἰσχυρῶς ὠφελοῦσι Xen. — они могут тогда приносить большую пользу;οὐκ ἔστι ὅκως κοτὲ σοὺς δέξονται λόγους Her. — невозможно, чтобы они приняли твое предложение;οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἐπιθήσεται ἡμῖν Xen. — не может быть, чтобы (Артаксеркс) не напал на нас;οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἐγὼ εἶπον Dem. — я решительно нигде не сказал;οὐκ ἐσθ΄ ὅπου Soph. — ни в коем случае;οὐκ ἔσθ΄ ὅπως οὐ Arph. — во всяком случае, при всех обстоятельствах;πόλεις ἔστιν ὅτε ὅλας σῴζει Plat. — бывает, что (изобретатель) спасает целые города13) быть подчиненным, подвластнымΤροία Ἀχαιῶν ἐστίν Aesch. — Троя - во власти ахейцев;ἐπί σοι ἔσται Xen. — (это) будет зависеть от тебя τὸ ἐπ΄ ἐμοὴ εἶναι Thuc. насколько это зависит от меняII.(Hom. - преимущ. в знач. praes., в ион. и атт. прозе - почти всегда в знач. fut. к ἔρχομαι; impf. = aor. ᾔειν и ᾖα - ион. ἤϊα, imper. ἴθι, conjct. ἴω, opt. ἰοίην, inf. ἰέναι, part. ἰών; med.: fut. εἴσομαι, 3 л. sing. aor. εἴσατο и ἐείσατο)
1) тж. med. идти, ходить(οἴκαδε Hom.)
; передвигаться, ехать(ἐπὴ νηός Hom.)
; ( о дороге или путешествии) совершать(ὁδόν Hom., Plat.; τέν ὀρεινήν, sc. ὁδόν Xen.): (ἄψ) πάλιν ἰέναι Hom. возвращаться
2) входить, вступать; проникать(οἴκους и κατὰ στέγας Soph.; перен. ἐς ξυμμαχίαν и ἐς τοὺς πολέμους Thuc.)
πέλεκυς εἶσιν διὰ δουρός Hom. — топор врезывается в дерево;διαπρὸ δὲ εἴσατο χαλκός Hom. — копье прошло насквозь;διὰ μάχης ἰέναι τινί Plut. — вступить в бой с кем-л.;ἐς λόγους ἰέναι τινί Thuc. — вступить в переговоры с кем-л.3) проходить(ἀγρούς, πεδίοιο Hom.)
διὰ δίκης τινὴ ἰέναι Soph. — обвинять кого-л.;διὰ φιλίας τινὴ ἰέναι Xen. — дружить с кем-л.;ἰέναι ἐς τὰ παραγγελλόμενα Thuc. — повиноваться приказаниям4) (про)летать, (про)носиться(αἰετὸς εἶσιν διὰ νεφέων Hom.; θόρυβος διὰ τῶν τάξεων ἰών Xen.)
5) идти, направляться(ἐπί τινα Hom., Arst.; εἰς ἄπειρον Arst.)
6) сходить, спускаться(εἰς Ἀΐδαο ὑπὸ γαῖαν Hom.)
7) уходить, уезжатьοἱ δέ τοι αὐτίκ΄ ἰόντι κακὰ φράσσονται ὀπίσσω Hom. — как только ты уедешь, они натворят тебе бед
8) идти, нападать(λέων εἶσ΄ ἐπὴ μῆλα Hom.)
ἥ μοῖρα, ὅποιπερ εἶσιν, ἴτω Soph. — какая бы судьба не надвигалась, пусть придет, т.е. будь что будет;ἰέναι ἐς χεῖρας Thuc. — схватиться врукопашную9) ( о событиях) приходить, наступать, происходитьἤδη τρίτον ἐστὴν ἔτος, τάχα δ΄ εἶσι τέτταρτον Hom. — вот уж третий год, скоро наступит и четвертый;
τοῦτο ἴτω ὅπῃ τῷ θεῷ φίλον Plat. — пусть это идет, как угодно божеству10) (как вспомогат. глагол намерения)(ср. франц. aller и англ. to go) собираться, намереваться
εἴ τις ἴοι κακουργήσων Plat. — если бы кто-л. намеревался совершить преступление;ὅπερ ᾖα ἐρῶν Plat. — как я уже сказал11) imper. ἴθι (иногда с conjct.) ну-ка, давайἴθι ἐξηγέο Her. — расскажи-ка;
ἴθι οὖν ἐπισκεψώμεθα Xen. — давай же рассмотрим;ἴτε δέ πρὸς ἀλλήλους οὕτως εἴπωμεν Plut. — так скажем же друг другу вот что -
9 πάρ-ειμι
πάρ-ειμι (s. εἰμί), daneben, dabei sein, bes. gegenwärtig od. anwesend sein; πάρεστε, Il. 2, 485; ἵπποι δ' οὐ παρέασι, 5, 192; παρεών, der Anwesende, oft, wie in Prosa, οἱ παρόντες, überall; sich bei Einem aufhalten, verweilen, Od. 5, 105. 129; μήλοισι, 4, 640; auch μάχῃ, einer Schlacht beiwohnen, 4, 197; ἐν δαίτῃσι, Il. 10, 217; bes. zum Beistand anwesend sein, wie adesse, beistehen, καὶ λίην τοι ἔγωγε παρέσσομαι, Od. 13, 393 Il. 18, 472; ἀρωγὴ δ' οὔτις ἀλλήλοις παρῆν, Aesch. Pers. 406; ἐγὼ παρὼν βέλεσι τοῖς Ἡρακλέους εἴρξω, Soph. Phil. 1392; vgl. Ar. Vesp. 732; Dem. τοῖς νῦν παροῠσιν αὐτῷ καὶ συνδικοῦσιν, 34, 12, u. sonst in Prosa; – zur Hand sein, vorräthig sein, von allem Besitzthum, τὰ παρεόντα, der vorhandene Vorrath, oft χαριζομένη παρεόντων, gern mittheilend von dem Vorhandenen, von den Speisen, welche nicht erst zubereitet zu werden brauchen, Od. 1, 140. 4, 56, auch von unkörperlichen Dingen, εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη, wenn mir die Macht zu Gebote stände, wenn ich die Macht hätte, 2, 62; ὅση δύναμίς γε πάρεστι, so Viel in meiner Macht ist, so Viel ich vermag, Il. 8, 294. 13, 786 Od. 23, 128; φίλων παρεόντων, Pind. Ol. 7, 6; εἴτ' αὐτὸς ἦν ϑνήσκοντος ἐγγύϑεν παρών, Aesch. Ch. 839; ϑάρσει παρέσται μηχανὴ δραστήριος, Spt. 1032; φόβος δὲ πᾶσι βαρβάροις παρῆν, Pers. 383; πενϑήμονες πά ρεισιν δόξαι, Ag. 421, u. so öfter auch von Gemüthszuständen; vgl. noch αἵ μοι μόναι παρῆσαν ἐλπίδων Soph. El. 800, πᾶσι ϑαῠμα δυςχερὲς παρῆν Ant. 254. – Von Vrbdgn merke man noch : παρεῖναι παρά τινι, Soph. Phil. 1057; οὗτος παρὰ σοὶ μάλα πλησίον ἀεὶ πάρεστιν, Plat. Phaedr. 243 e; – ἔν τινι, z. B. παρεῖναι ἐν ταῖς συνουσίαις, Plat. Prot. 335 b; vgl. Ar. Ach. 513 Av. 30; – εἰς –, sich nach einem Orte begeben daben und da sein, ἐς κοῖτον, εἰς Ἀσίην u. ä., Her. 1, 9. 6, 24. 8, 60, 3; Thuc. 6, 88; auch Ὀλυμπίαζε, 3, 8; εἰς τὴν ἐξέτασιν, Xen. An. 7, 1, 11, u. oft; auch ἐς μέσον φόνον, Eur. Or. 1314; – ähnlich ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, Her. 1, 21; ἐπὶ τὴν ϑυσίαν, ἐπὶ τὸ στράτευμα, ἐπὶ τὰς κώμας, Xen. An. 6, 2, 15. 7, 1, 35. 7, 4, 6 u. sonst; übertr., πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν πρώτην πάρεσμεν ἀπορίαν, Plat. Theaet. 200 d; Gorg. 447 b; παρῆσαν ἐπὶ τοῦτο τὸ βῆμα, Dem. 1, 8; auch παρῆσαν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀγῶσι, 24, 159, u. πάρεστι πρὸς τοῦτο καιροῦ τὰ πράγματα, die Sachen sind so weit gekommen, 2, 8; vgl. noch πρὸς σέ, πρὸς τὴν κρίσιν, Xen. An. 6, 3, 21. 4, 26; Ὀλυμπίαζε παρεῖναι, Thuc. 3, 8. – Das partic., gegenwärtig; τοῦ παρόντος ἀχϑηδὼν κακοῠ, Aesch. Prom. 26; πόνων τῶν νῦν παρόντων, 98; τῆς νῦν παρούσης πημονῆς, 469; im Ggstz von μέλλοντα κακά, Pers. 829; so Soph. u. Eur.; u. in Prosa; τὰ παρόντα κακά, Her. 8, 20; χρόνος, πόλεμος u. ä., bes. τὰ παρόντα, die gegenwärtige Lage der Dinge, die gegenwärtigen Umstände, Her. 1, 113 u. A.; auch τὰ παρεόντα πρήγματα, Her. 6, 100; τὰ παρόντα, jetzt, Soph. El. 218; ἡ νῦν παροῠσα ἡμέρα, Plat. Legg. III, 683 c; auch sing. τὸ παρεόν, Her. 1, 20; ἐν τῷ παρόντι, in der Gegenwart, für die gegenwärtige Lage, Thuc. 2, 88. 5, 63 u. öfter; auch ἐν τῷ τότε παρόντι, 1, 95; Plat. setzt gegenüber ἐν τῷ νῦν παρόντι καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔπειτα, Phaed. 67 c; vgl. τὰ γεγονότα καὶ τὰ παρόντα πρὸς τὰ μέλλοντα, Theaet. 186 a; Xen. An. 2, 5, 8; vgl. noch πρὸς τὸ παρόν, τὸ παρὸν αὐτίκα, Thuc. 3, 40; ἐκ τῶν παρόντων, 6, 70, wie Xen. An. 3, 2, 3, nach der gegenwärtigen Lage, wie es diese erfordert, vgl. Krüger zu der Stelle; πειρῶ τὸ παρὸν ϑεραπεύειν, Soph. Phil. 149; τὸ παρὸν εὖ ποιεῖν. Plat. Gorg. 499 c; παρὸν ἀργύριον, Dem. 33, 7. – Impers. gebraucht, πάρεστί μοι, es ist mir zur Hand, steht bei mir, ich habe es in meiner Gewalt, es hängt von mir ab, τοιαῦϑ' ἑλέσϑαι σοι πάρεστιν ἐξ ἐμοῦ, Aesch. Eum. 829; ὡς ἰδεῖν τέλος πάρεστιν, es ist möglich, man kann, Pers. 712, u. oft, wie bei Soph. u. Eur.; νῦν γὰρ πάρεστι καὶ δὶς αἰάζειν, Soph. Ai. 427; O. C. 1578; χαίρειν παρέσται, El. 130; Ar. Plut. 638; u. in Prosa, Her. 8, 20. 9, 70; πάρεστι τούτου πεῖραν λαμβάνειν, Plat. Gorg. 448 a; παρῆν μετρεῖν τὸ βάϑος τῆς χιόνος, Xen. An. 4, 5, 6. 7, 1, 26; Folgde. – Absol. wird so παρόν, ion. παρεόν gebraucht, da es möglich ist, angeht, παρεὸν αὐτοῖ σιἀποκτεῖναι ἐκείνους, Her. 6, 137 u. öfter, vgl. 1, 129. 5, 49. 7, 24; παρὸν φρονῆσαι, Soph. Phil. 1087; Eur. Suppl. 327; οἴνου μηδ' ὀσφραίνεσϑαι παρόν, Xen. An. 5, 8, 3; Sp., wie Plut. Fab. 11, τὸν λόφον ἐκ τοῦ ῥᾴστου κρύφα κατασχεῖν παρόν. – Dafür wird auch πάρα gebraucht, Il. 9, 227, Her. 7, 12. S. oben.
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10 μέτ-ειμι [2]
μέτ-ειμι (s. εἶμι), 1) zwischen, unter Mehreren gehen, ῥεῖα μετεισάμενος κρατερὰς ὤτρυνε φάλαγγας, leicht dazwischen wandelnd, Il. 13, 90. 17, 285. – 2) nachgehen, hinterhergehen, ἢ ἴϑ', ἐγὼ δὲ μέτειμι, ich werde nachgehen, folgen, Il. 6, 341; πόλεμόνδε, nach dem Kriege, in den Krieg gehen, 13, 298. – Dah. verfolgen, nachsetzen, auch rächen, bestrafen, τινά, Aesch. Ag. 1651, τοῦ πατρὸς τοὺς αἰτίους, Ch. 271; auch δίκας μέτειμι τόνδε φῶτα, Eum. 222; vgl. Soph. Δίκη μέτεισιν οὐ μακροῦ χρόνου, El. 469; δόλῳ μέτειμι καὶ σιγῇ φόνον, Eur. Med. 391, u. δίκῃ μέτειμί τινα, Bacch. 346; auch τῶν δ' ἄποιν' ὑβρισμάτων μέτεισι Διόνυσός σε, ib. 517; so Plat. Legg. VI, 154 e u. Sp., wie Luc. D. D. 6, 2 u. öfter; – ἴχνος, einer Spur nachgehen, sie verfolgen, Plat. Phaedr. 276 d; dah. τέχνην ῥητορικήν, d. i. die Rhetorik betreiben, Phaedr. 263 b u. öfter; ὀρϑῶς μετιέναι τὴν σοφίαν, Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 9; Arist. de sens. 1; Luc. Icarom. 31; übh. untersuchen, behandeln in der Rede, Plat. Conv. 210 a Soph. 252 b u. Folgde; ὑπατείαν, sich um das Consulat bewerben, Plut.; mit Bitten angehen, ἕκαστον μετῄεσαν μὴ ἐπιτρέπειν, Thuc. 8, 73, vgl. 3, 70; auch τινὰ ϑυσίαις, Her. 7, 178, vgl. μετέρχομαι; – nach Etwas gehen, um es zu holen, μετῇσαν στρώματα, Ar. Equ. 603; Her. 3, 15. 28. 9, 33; τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἐκ Σηστοῦ, Xen. Hell. 2, 11, 6. – 3) übergehen zu etwas Anderem, Luc. Prom. 18; πρός τινα, zu Einem übertreten, zu dessen Partei, Hdn. 5, 4, 11. – 4) zurückkehren; ἐκεῖσε τοῦ λόγου μέτειμι Ar. Nubb. 1390; Sp. – Adj. verb. μετιτέον, D. L. 6, 5.
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11 ἐπ-άν-ειμι
ἐπ-άν-ειμι (s. εἶμι), zurückgehen, -kehren; Thuc. 6, 102; Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 29; Plat. Tim. 19 a u. sonst; ἐπί τι, Rep. V, 462 e, wie ἐπὶ τὸν πρότερον λόγον Her. 7, 138; ἐπαν. δὴ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀποδείξεις Dem. 18, 42 u. ähnl.; ἐγὼ δ' ἔνϑεν εἰς ταῦτα ἐξέβην, ἐπάνειμι Xen. Hell. 7, 4, 1; – vom Schalle, αὐλὸς ἐπάνεισι Soph. Tr. 639 ch.; ἡμέρας δὲ ὄρϑρου τε ἐπανιόντων Plat. Legg. VII, 808 d. – Uebh. von Neuem Etwas durchgehen, untersuchen, περὶ φύσεως Plat. Legg. IX, 857 d; τοὺς λόγους, wiederholen, III, 693 c; τὰ ὑποτεϑέντα Tim. 61 d. – Hinausgehen, κάτωϑεν ibd. 22 e; Ὀλυμπίαζε οἴκοϑεν εἰς τὸ ἱερόν Hipp. min. 363 c; von der Verwandtschaft, τὸ γένος δι' ἀδελφῶν καὶ ἀδελφι-δῶν ἐπανιόν Legg. XI, 925 a.
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12 ζωή
ζωή ηжизнь;ΦΡ.αιώνια / μεταθανάτια / άλλη / μέλλουσα ζωή — вечная / посмертная / другая / будущая жизньСлово употребляется в Евангелии для обозначения «вечной жизни» – αιώνιον ζωήν, а также часто встречается в словах Христа:εκ του θανάτου εις την ζωήν (Ιωάν. 5, 24) — от смерти в жизнь (Ин. 5, 24),
εγώ ειμί ο άρτος της ζωής (Ιωάν. 6, 48) — Я есмь хлеб жизни (Ин. 6, 48),
εγώ ειμί η ανάστασις και η ζωή (Ιωάν. 11, 25) — Я есмь воскресение и жизнь (Ин. 11, 25),
εγώ ειμί... η αλήθεια και η ζωή (Ιωάν. 14, 6) — Я есмь… истина и жизнь (Ин. 14, 6)
Этим.дргр. < ζω «жить, быть в живых» -
13 υἱός
υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendantⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thingα. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesusα. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 4, Rel.3 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos2 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest2 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen2 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.2 ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums2 ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.3 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.3 418ff; Clemen2 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.2 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie2 I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels2 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf2 ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach3, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
14 Ω
Ω, ὦ, τό last (24th) letter of the Gk. alphabet, o(mega) in our lit. as symbol (in conjunction w. ἄλφα) of an entity that is in control of everything from beginning to end, last, end, omega: ἐγώ (εἰμι) τὸ ἄλφα καὶ τὸ ὦ Rv 1:8; 21:6; 22:13; cp. 1:11 v.l. ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Α καὶ τὸ Ω I am the A and the Ō (=‘the A and the Z’, i.e. ‘the First and the Last’).—S. the entry Α; also EbNestle, Philol. 70, 1911, 155–57 and lit. cited EDNT s.v. Ἄλφα. The name ω μέγα does not appear until the Byzantine period, s. Theognostos, Canones 13, in Anecdota Graeca, ed. JCramer, II (1835–37).—DELG. -
15 πατήρ
πατήρ ο1) ο Θεός Πατήρ — Бог Отец:Λέγει αυτώ ο Ιησούς, εγώ ειμί η οδός και η αλήθεια και η ζωή, ουδείς έρχεται προς τον πατέρα ει μη δι’ εμού (Ιωάν. 14, 6) — Иисус сказал ему: Я есмь путь и истина и жизнь; никто не приходит к Отцу, как только через Меня (Ин. 14, 6)
Τα ρήματα α εγώ λέγω υμίν απ’ εμαυτού ου λαλώ ο δε πατήρ εν εμού μένων ποιεί τα έργα αυτού, πιστεύετέ μοι ότι εγώ εν τω πατρί και ο πατήρ εν εμοί (Ιωάν. 14, 10-11) — Слова, которые говорю Я вам, говорю не от Себя; но Отец, пребывающий во мне, Он творит дела. Верьте Мне, что Я в Отце и Отец во Мне (Ин. 14, 10-11);
2) отец, священнослужительЭтим.< инд. pater «отец» -
16 πιστεύω
πιστεύω (Trag.+) impf. ἐπίστευον; 1 aor. ἐπίστευσα; pf. πεπίστευκα; plpf. πεπιστεύκειν Ac 14:23 (on the omission of the augment s. B-D-F §66, 1; Mlt-H. 190). Pass.: fut. 3 pl. πιστευθήσονται Gen 42, 20; 1 aor. ἐπιστεύθην; pf. πεπίστευμαι (the word does not occur in Phlm, 2 Pt, 2 and 3J, Rv, MPol, or D. But it is a special favorite of J and 1J, where it is found 96 times and 9 times respectively; πίστις is not found in the gospel at all, and occurs in 1J only once, 5:4. Our lit. uses it quite predominantly in a transcendent sense, or at least w. transcendent coloring).① to consider someth. to be true and therefore worthy of one’s trust, believeⓐ believe (in) someth., be convinced of someth., w. that which one believes (in) indicatedα. by acc. of thing (Soph., Oed. Rex 646 τάδε; Aristot., Analyt. Pr. 2, 23, 68b, 13 ἅπαντα; PSI 494, 14 μηθέν; UPZ 70, 29 [152/151 B.C.] π. τὰ ἐνύπνια; ApcEsdr 7:12 p. 32, 26 τὸ βιβλίον τοῦτο) ἡ ἀγάπη πάντα πιστεύει 1 Cor 13:7. πεπιστεύκαμεν τὴν ἀγάπην we believe in the love 1J 4:16. πιστεύεις τοῦτο; J 11:26b. Cp. Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5). Pass. ἐπιστεύθη τὸ μαρτύριον ἡμῶν our testimony was believed 2 Th 1:10b (cp. Aristot., EN 10, 2 p. 1172b, 15 ἐπιστεύοντο οἱ λόγοι; Gen 42:20).β. by means of a ὅτι-clause believe that (Plut., Mor. 210d; Aelian, VH 1, 16 p. 8, 9; Herm. Wr. 4, 4: Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 24; PLond III, 897, 12 p. 207 [I A.D.]; Tob 10:8 S; Job 9:16; 15:31; 39:12; La 4:12; 4 Macc 7:19; TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 18 [Stone p. 48]; ParJer 6:7; Just., A I, 18, 2 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 89, 16) μακαρία ἡ πιστεύσασα ὅτι ἔσται τελείωσις Lk 1:45 (ὅτι here may=for: s. ὅτι 4b).—Mk 11:23; cp. vs. 24; J 8:24 (ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι as Is 43:10); 11:27, 42; 13:19; 14:10; 16:27, 30; 17:8, 21; 20:31a; Ac 9:26; Ro 6:8; 10:9; 1 Th 4:14; Hb 11:6; Js 2:19a; 1J 5:1, 5; Hv 3, 8, 4; 4, 2, 4; m 1:1; 6, 2, 10b; Hs 2:5.—[ὅτι εἷς θεός] καὶ εἷς χριστός AcPl Ha 1, 17; AcPlCor 1:8. π. περί τινος ὅτι believe concerning someone that J 9:18 (M. Ant. 1, 15, 5 πιστεύειν περὶ ὧν λέγοι ὅτι οὕτως φρονεῖ=believe concerning whatever he might say, that it was what he actually thought; Just., D. 10, 1 π. ἡμῶν• ὅτι ἐσθίομεν ἀνθρώπους.—π. περί τινος as Plut., Lyc. 19, 4; Jos., Ant. 14, 267).γ. by the acc. and inf. (pres. Pla., Gorg. 524a; PTebt 314, 3 [II A.D.]; 4 Macc 5:25; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 160; Just., A I, 8, 2 al.; Ath. 20, 3) πιστεύω τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ εἶναι τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ac 8:37b.—GMary 463, 8.—IRo 10:2.—By the inf. (Thu 2, 22, 1; Job 15:22; AscIs 2:10 εἰς οὐρανὸν ἀναβῆναι) πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι Ac 15:11 (difft. JNolland, NTS 27, ’80, 112f [inf. of result: ‘we believe (in order) to be saved’]).—By the acc. and ptc. ἐν σαρκὶ αὐτὸν πιστεύω ὄντα I believe that he was in the flesh ISm 3:1.δ. by means of the dat. of thing give credence to, believe (Aeschyl., Pers. 786 θεῶν θεσφάτοισιν; Soph., Phil. 1374 τοῖς ἐμοῖς λόγοις, El. 886; Pla., Phd. 88c, Leg. 7, 798d; Polyb. 5, 42, 9; 9, 33, 1; Herodian 7, 5, 5 ἐλπίδι κρείττονι; BGU 674, 6 τῷ λόγῳ; 2 Ch 9:6 τοῖς λόγοις; Ps 105:24; Pr 14:15; Sir 19:15; En 104:13 ταῖς βίβλοις; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 229 τοῖς κενοῖς λογισμοῖς, Virt. 68 the sayings of God; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 286, Ant. 10, 39 τ. λόγοις; Tat. 18, 2 ὕλης οἰκονομία; Ath. 30, 2 ταῖς γοναῖς τοῦ Διό; Iren. 1, 10, 2 [Harv. I 92, 4] ἡ ἐκκλησία … π. τούτοις [sc. κήρυγμα and πίστις]) οὐκ ἐπίστευσας τοῖς λόγοις μου Lk 1:20 (cp. Iambl., ViPyth. 28, 148 περὶ θεῶν μηδὲν θαυμαστὸν ἀπιστεῖν ‘concerning the gods nothing is so marvelous that it should occasion unbelief’). τῇ γραφῇ καὶ τῷ λόγῳ J 2:22. Cp. 4:50; 5:47ab. τοῖς γεγραμμένοις Ac 24:14 (Diod S 16, 52, 7 πιστεύσαντες τοῖς γεγραμμένοις). τῇ ἐπαγγελίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ 2 Cl 11:1 (Diod S 1, 53, 10 τῇ τοῦ προρρήσει πιστεύειν; 19, 90, 3). τῷ ψεύδει, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 2 Th 2:11, 12. τῇ καταλαλιᾷ Hm 2:2. τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν (Is 53:1; cp. Jos., C. Ap. 2, 14 π. ἀκοῇ πρεσβυτέρων) J 12:38; Ro 10:16; 1 Cl 16:3. τοῖς ἔργοις J 10:38b (=their testimony); Hm 6, 2, 10a (that they are good and must be followed).—Pass. ἐπιστεύθη τῷ λόγῳ μου they believed my word Hm 3:3.ε. w. prepositional expressions: εἰς Ro 4:18, if εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτόν here is dependent on ἐπίστευσεν. πιστεύειν εἰς τὴν μαρτυρίαν believe in the witness 1J 5:10c. ὁ Χριστιανισμὸς οὐκ εἰς Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ἐπίστευσεν the Christian way of life/Christianity did not commit itself to the Judean way/Judaism (s. Hdb. ad loc.) I Mg 10:3a; cp. b (Χριστιανισμόν, εἰς ὸ̔ν πᾶσα γλῶσσα πιστεύσασα). On πιστεύειν εἰς τὸ ὄνομά τινος s. 2aβ below. πιστεύετε ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ believe in the gospel (so Ps 105:12 ἐπίστευσαν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοῦ. Rather in the sense ‘put one’s trust in’ Sir 32:21 μὴ πιστεύσῃς ἐν ὁδῷ ἀπροσκόπῳ. See B-D-F §187, 6; Rob. 540. ALoisy, Les Évangiles synopt. I 1907, 430; 434; comm.) Mk 1:15 (Hofmann understands it as ‘on the basis of’, Wohlenberg ‘bei’; Lohmeyer is undecided; Dssm. and Mlt. 67f ‘in the sphere of’; s. p. 235). ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ οὐ πιστεύω IPhld 8:2 (s. Bihlmeyer ad loc.).—ἐπί τινι: πιστεύειν ἐπὶ πᾶσιν οἷς ἐλάλησαν οἱ προφῆται Lk 24:25; Ro 9:33 (Is 28:16).ⓑ w. the pers. to whom one gives credence or whom one believes, in the dat. (Demosth. 18, 10; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 14 p. 1390a, 32; Polyb. 15, 26, 6 τοῖς εἰδόσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν; Herodian 2, 1, 10; PHib 72, 18; POxy 898, 29; PTebt 418, 15; Ex 4:1, 5; 3 Km 10:7; 2 Ch 32:15; Tob 2:14; Jer 47:14; JosAs 13:10; Philo, Praem. 49; Just., A I, 33, 5, D 7, 2 al.) τοῖς θεασαμένοις αὐτὸν ἐγηγερμένον οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν they did not believe those who saw him after he was raised from the dead Mk 16:14. Cp. Mt 21:25, 32abc; Mk 11:31; 16:13; Lk 20:5; J 5:46a; Ac 8:12; 26:27a (τ. προφήταις as Jos., Ant. 11, 96); 1J 4:1; Hm 6, 1, 2ab.—Also of Jesus and God whom one believes, in that one accepts their disclosures without doubt or contradiction: Jesus: Mt 27:42 v.l.; J 5:38, 46b; 6:30; 8:45, 46; 10:37, 38a. God: J 5:24; Ro 4:3 (Gen 15:6), 17 κατέναντι οὗ ἐπίστευσεν θεοῦ (= κατέναντι θεοῦ ᾧ ἐπίστευσεν); Gal 3:6; Js 2:23; 1 Cl 10:6 (all three Gen 15:6). ὁ μὴ πιστεύων τῷ θεῷ ψεύστην πεποίηκεν αὐτόν 1J 5:10b. AcPl Ha 3, 7.ⓒ w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth. (X., Apol. 15 μηδὲ ταῦτα εἰκῇ πιστεύσητε τῷ θεῷ) Hm 6, 2, 6.—W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll. (ApcEsdr 4:35 p. 29, 12 Tdf.): πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.ⓓ abs. (in which case the context supplies the obj., etc.; cp. ParJer 7:19 γέγονε δὲ τοῦτο, ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν) ἐάν τις ὑμῖν εἴπῃ• ἰδοὺ ὧδε ὁ Χριστός, μὴ πιστεύσητε do not believe (him or it [the statement]) Mt 24:23; cp. vs. 26; Mk 13:21; Lk 22:67; J 3:12ab; 10:25f; 12:47 v.l.; 14:29; 16:31; 19:35; 20:8, 25; cp. GJs 19:3. J 20:29ab πιστεύσαντες those who have nevertheless believed (it=the fact of the Resurrection); Ac 4:4; 26:27b; 1 Cor 11:18 πιστεύω I believe (it=that there are divisions among you); 15:11; Js 2:19b even the daemons believe this; Jd 5. Pass. καρδίᾳ πιστεύεται with (or in) the heart men believe (it=that Jesus was raised fr. the dead) Ro 10:10.ⓔ believe = let oneself be influenced κατά τινος against someone Pol 6:1.ⓕ πιστεύομαι I am believed, I enjoy confidence (X., An. 7, 6, 33; Diod S 5, 80, 4 τοῖς μάλιστα πιστευομένοις ἐπηκολουθήσαμεν; 17, 32, 1; 1 Km 27:12; Jos., Ant. 10, 114; PGM 12, 279 πιστευθήσῃ=you will be believed) of Eve παρθένος πιστεύεται people believe that she is a virgin Dg 12:8, or perh. a virgin is entrusted (to someone without fear). S. 3 below.② to entrust oneself to an entity in complete confidence, believe (in), trust, w. implication of total commitment to the one who is trusted. In our lit. God and Christ are objects of this type of faith that relies on their power and nearness to help, in addition to being convinced that their revelations or disclosures are true. The obj. isⓐ givenα. in the dat. (cp. Soph., Philoct. 1374 θεοῖς πιστ.; X., Mem. 1, 1, 5; Ps.-Pla., Epinom. 980c πιστεύσας τοῖς θεοῖς εὔχου; Ptolem. Lagi [300 B.C.]: 138 Fgm. 8 Jac.; Maximus Tyr. 3, 8k τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι; Epict., app. E, 10 p. 488 Sch. θεῷ; Himerius, Or. 8 [=23], 18 πῶς Διονύσῳ πιστεύσω; how can I trust D.?; UPZ 144, 12 [164 B.C.] τ. θεοῖς; Jdth 14:10; Wsd 16:26; 4 Macc 7:21 al. in LXX; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 229 πιστεύειν θεῷ, Rer. Div. Her. 92 μόνῳ θεῷ, Op. M. 45, Sacr. Abel. 70 τῷ σωτήρι θεῷ, Abr. 269, Mos. 1, 225, Virt. 216 [on faith in Philo s. Bousset, Rel.3 446ff; EHatch, Essays in Biblical Gk. 1889, 83ff; ASchlatter, D. Glaube im NT4 1927; EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1908, 21925; HWindisch, Die Frömmigkeit Philos 1909, 23ff; HWolfson, Philo ’47 I, 143–56, esp. II, 215–18; WPeisker, D. Glaubensbegriff bei Philon, diss. ’36]; Jos., Ant. 2, 117; 333; 3, 309; 20, 48, Bell. 3, 387 [s. ASchlatter, D. Theol. d. Judentums nach d. Bericht des Jos. ’32, 104ff]; Just., A I, 18, 6 al.). Some of the passages referred to in 1b above, end, are repeated, since they may be classified here or there w. equal justification. Of God: π. τῷ θεῷ (Orig., C. Cels. 4, 89, 15) Ac 16:34; 13:12 D; Tit 3:8; PtK 4 p. 16, 2; B 16:7; Hm 12, 6, 2; Hs 5, 1, 5. Cp. m 1:2; AcPl Ha 10, 13f. τῷ κυρίῳ (Sir 11:21; 2:8) Hv 4, 2, 6. οἱ πιστεύσαντες τῷ κυρίῳ διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Hs 9, 13, 5. τῷ θεῷ w. ὅτι foll. m 9:7; cp. Hs 1:7.—Of Christ: Mt 27:42 v.l. (for ἐπʼ αὐτόν); J 6:30 (σοί=vs. 29 εἰς ὸ̔ν ἀπέστειλεν ἐκεῖνος); J 8:31 (αὐτῷ=vs. 30 εἰς αὐτόν, but see Mlt. 67f; JSwetnam argues for a plpf. sense here: Biblica 61, ’80, 106–9); Ac 5:14; 18:8a (both τῷ κυρίῳ); Ro 10:14b (οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν = τούτῳ [about equivalent to εἰς τοῦτον; cp. vs. 14a] οὗ οὐκ ἤκ.); 2 Ti 1:12; ITr 9:2; Hs 8, 3, 2.—Pass. be believed in (X., Cyr. 4, 2, 8; 6, 1, 39; Pla., Lach. 181b; Ps.-Demosth. 58, 44 al.; 1 Km 27:12; Just., D. 7, 3; Tat. 10, 2. S. B-D-F §312, 1; also s. Rob. 815f) ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ 1 Ti 3:16.—π. τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ υἱοῦ believe in the name of the Son, i.e. believe in the Son and accept what his name proclaims him to be 1J 3:23.β. w. εἰς (cp. Hippol., Elench. 6, 19, 7 W. οἱ εἰς τὸν Σίμωνα καὶ τὴν Ἑλένην πεπιστευκότες; Just., D. 35, 8 al.) God (BGU 874, 11 π. εἰς τὸν θεόν): J 12:44b; 14:1a (cp. ET 21, 1910, 53–57; 68–70; 138f); 1 Pt 1:21 v.l.=Pol 2:1.—Christ: Mt 18:6; Mk 9:42; J 2:11; 3:15 v.l., 16, 18a, 36; 4:39; 6:29, 35, 40, 47 v.l.; 7:5, 31, 38f, 48; 8:30; 9:35f; 10:42; 11:25, 26a, 45, 48; 12:11, 36 (εἰς τὸ φῶς), 37, 42, 44a, 46; 14:1b, 12; 16:9; 17:20; Ac 10:43; 14:23; 18:8 D; 19:4; Ro 10:14a; Gal 2:16; Phil 1:29; 1 Pt 1:8; 1J 5:10a; AcPlCor 2:31; Hs 8, 3, 2.—εἰς τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ (or αὐτοῦ, etc.) J 1:12; 2:23; 3:18c; 1J 5:13 (s. ὄνομα 1dβ and s. 2aα above, end). π. εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ITr 2:1. π. εἰς τὸ αἷμα Χριστοῦ ISm 6:1.γ. w. ἐπί and dat., of God Ac 11:17 D. Of Christ: Mt 27:42 v.l.; J 3:15 v.l.; Ro 9:33; 10:11; 1 Pt 2:6 (the last three Is 28:16); 1 Ti 1:16.δ. w. ἐπί and acc. (Wsd 12:2; Just., D. 46, 1 al.) of God: Ac 16:34 D; Ro 4:5, 24; PtK 3 p. 15, 12. Of Christ: Mt 27:42; J 3:15 v.l.; Ac 9:42; 11:17; 16:31; 22:19.ε. π. ἔν τινι believe in someone (Jer 12:6; Da 6:24 Theod.; Ps 77:22) is questionable in our lit.: in J 3:15 the best rdg. is ἐν αὐτῷ and is prob. to be construed w. ἔχῃ (in J πιστεύω usually takes the prep. εἰς when expressing the obj. of belief, as in 3:16); in Eph 1:13 both occurrences of ἐν ᾧ are prob. to be construed w. ἐσφραγίσθητε (=‘in connection with whom you have been sealed’ [cp. 4:30]); the acts of hearing and believing are coordinate, and πιστεύσαντες, along w. ἀκούσαντες, is used abs. (so REB; less clearly NRSV). But s. 1aε above: π. ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ Mk 1:15; IPhld 8:2.ⓑ not expressed at all (the abs. πιστεύειν in a transcendent sense: Aeschin., In Ctesiph. 1 ἐγὼ πεπιστευκὼς ἥκω πρῶτον τοῖς θεοῖς; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 17, 1391b, 1ff; Plut., Mor. 170f; Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 24 πιστεῦσαι δεῖ, ὅτι [=because] μόνη σωτηρία ἡ πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ἐπιστροφή; Herm. Wr. 9, 10ab ἐπίστευσε καὶ ἐν τῇ καλῇ πίστει ἐπανεπαύσατο; cp. 1, 32 πιστεύω καὶ μαρτυρῶ=PapBerl 9795 [RReitzenstein, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, p. 161, 2]; Num 20:12; Ps 115:1; Is 7:9; Sir 2:13; 1 Macc 2:59; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 14; 101, Deus Imm. 4, Mut. Nom. 178; τότε πιστεύσεις θέλων καὶ μὴ θέλων Theoph. Ant. 1, 8 [p. 74, 7]) Mk 15:32; 16:16f; Lk 8:12f; J 1:7, 50; 3:15, 18b; 4:41f, 48, 53; 5:44; 6:36, 47, 64ab, perh. 69 (MEnslin, The Perf. Tense in the Fourth Gosp.: JBL 55, ’36, 121–31, esp. 128); 9:38; 10:26; 11:15, 40; 12:39; 20:31b; Ac 4:4; 8:13, 37a; 11:21; 13:12, 39, 48; 14:1; 15:5, 7; 17:12, 34; 18:8b, 27; 19:2; 21:25; Ro 1:16; 3:22; 4:11; 10:4; 13:11; 15:13; 1 Cor 1:21; 3:5; 15:2; Gal 3:22; Eph 1:13, 19; 1 Th 2:10, 13; Hb 4:3; 1 Pt 2:7; 1 Cl 12:7; 2 Cl 17:3; 20:2; B 9:3; B 11:11; ISm 3:2; Hs 8, 10, 3; 9, 17, 4; 9, 22, 3. τὸ πιστεύειν faith IMg 9:2. ἐν ἀγάπῃ πιστεύειν IPhld 9:2 (ἐν ἀγάπῃ is here used adv.).—Participles in the var. tenses are also used almost subst.: (οἱ) πιστεύοντες (the) believers, (the) Christians (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 13, 34; Did., Gen. 106, 6) Ac 2:44; Ro 3:22; 1 Cor 14:22ab (opp. οἱ ἄπιστοι); 1 Th 1:7; Hs 8, 3, 3. (οἱ) πιστεύσαντες (those) who made their commitment = (those) who became believers, (the) Christians, Ac 2:44 v.l.; 4:32; 2 Th 1:10a; 2 Cl 2:3; Hs 9, 19, 1. οἱ πεπιστευκότες those who became (and remained) believers Ac 19:18; 21:20 (Just., D. 122, 2).—οἱ μέλλοντες πιστεύειν future believers 1 Cl 42:4; Hm 4, 3, 3a. οἱ νῦν πιστεύσαντες those who have just come to believe ibid. 4, 3, 3b.ⓒ A special kind of this faith is the confidence that God or Christ is in a position to help suppliants out of their distress, have confidence (some of the passages already mentioned might just as well be classified here) abs. ὡς ἐπίστευσας γενηθήτω σοι may it be done to you in accordance with the confidence you have Mt 8:13. ὅσα ἂν αἰτήσητε πιστεύοντες whatever you pray for with confidence 21:22. Cp. Mk 5:36; 9:23f; Lk 8:50; 2 Cor 4:13a (Ps 115:1), b. W. ὅτι foll.: πιστεύετε ὅτι δύναμαι τοῦτο ποιῆσαι; do you have confidence that I am able to do this? Mt 9:28.—Mk 11:23.③ entrust τινί τι someth. to someone (X., Mem. 4, 4, 17; Plut., Mor. 519e; Athen. 8, 341a; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 25, 1; SIG2 845, 7, see for numerous other examples index VI p. 384b. Cp. Wsd 14:5; 1 Macc 8:16; 4 Macc 4:7; TestJob 11:11; Jos., Bell. 4, 492; Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 6) τὸ ἀληθινὸν τίς ὑμῖν πιστεύσει; Lk 16:11. αὐτῷ τοσούτων πιστευο̣μ̣έ̣ν̣ω̣ν̣ since so many (or so much) were ( was) entrusted to him AcPl Ha 7, 21 (connection uncertain). αὐτόν (so N. and Tdf.; v.l. ἑαυτόν) τινι trust oneself to someone (Brutus, Ep. 25; Plut., Mor. 181d ἀνδρὶ μᾶλλον ἀγαθῷ πιστεύσας ἑαυτὸν ἢ ὀχυρῷ τόπῳ=entrusting himself to a good man rather than to a stronghold; EpArist 270; Jos., Ant. 12, 396) J 2:24 (EStauffer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 281–99.—Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 39a οὐ τοῖς τυχοῦσι φίλοις ἑαυτὸν ἐπίστευσεν=he did not trust himself to casual friends).—Pass. πιστεύομαί τι (B-D-F §159, 4) I am entrusted with someth. (Pla., Ep. 1, 309a; Polyb. 8, 17, 5; 31, 26, 7; Diod S 20, 19, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 136 §568 ἃ ἐπιστεύθην; ins; pap [e.g. PLond I, 121, 608 p. 203]; Jos., Bell. 5, 567, Vi. 137; Ath. 24, 3. Cp. Esth 8:12e.—Dssm., LO 320f [LAE 379]). ἐπιστεύθησαν τὰ λόγια τοῦ θεοῦ Ro 3:2. πεπίστευμαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον Gal 2:7 (PGM 13, 140 ὁ ὑπό σου πάντα πιστευθείς; 446); cp. 1 Th 2:4; 1 Ti 1:11.—Tit 1:3. οἰκονομίαν πεπίστευμαι 1 Cor 9:17; cp. Dg 7:1. S. also 7:2; IMg 6:1; IPhld 9:1ab. πιστεύομαί τι παρά τινος I am entrusted by someone with someth. (Polyb. 3, 69, 1; Jos., Bell. 1, 667): οἱ πιστευθέντες παρὰ θεοῦ ἔργον τοιοῦτο 1 Cl 43:1.④ be confident about, a unique use found in ὸ̔ς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα, someth. like the one is confident about eating anything Ro 14:2 (a combination of two ideas: ‘the pers. is so strong in the faith’ and: ‘the pers. is convinced that it is permissible to eat anything’; in brief: not cultically fussy. See Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; but also B-D-F §397, 2). Another probability is the sense⑤ think/consider (possible), in Ro 14:2 perh. holds everything possible; cp. J 9:18 οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν they refused to entertain the possibility, and Ac 9:26. S. 4 above.—For lit. s. πίστις, end. DELG s.v. πείθομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
17 οἷος
οἷος, relativ. zum Fragewort ποῖος, qualis, so beschaffen wie, oft einfach durch wie zu übersetzen, οἷος δὲ βροτολοιγὸς Ἄρης πόλεμόνδε μέτεισιν, Il. 13, 298, wie Arcs in den Kampf geht; – zunächst a) in Vergleichungen und Zusanimcnstellungen; sich bestimmt auf das Demonstrativum τοῖος beziehend, ἀκουέμεν ἀοιδοὖ τοίου, οἷος ὅδ' ἐστίν, einen solchen Sänger zu hören, wie der hier ist, Od. 1, 371, οὐ γάρ πω τοίους ἴδον ἀνέρας, οἷον Πειρίϑοον, Il. 1, 263; οἵη περ φύλλων γενεή, τοιήδε καὶ ἀνδρῶν, 6, 146; auch auf das einfache Demonstrativum bezüglich, χορὸν τῷ ἴκελον, οἷόν ποτε Δαίδαλος ἤσκησεν, 18, 591; so τοιοῠτον, οἷον καὶ στυγοῠντ' ἐποικτίσαι, Soph O. R. 1295; O. C. 874; ἔρημον ἐν κακοῖσι τοῖςδ' οἵοις ὁρᾷς, Phil. 469; τοιοῦτός τις, οἷος, Plat. Crat. 395 a u. A.; – häufiger mit ausgelassenem Demonstrativum, welches leicht zu ergänzen ist, στιβαρώτερον οὐκ ὀλίγον περ ἢ (τοῖον) οἵῳ Φαίηκες ἐδίσκεον, Od. 8, 188; τίνες, οἷ' ἐγώ, μογοῦσιν, Aesch. Prom. 606; Soph. δοκῶ γὰρ οἷον εἶπας ἄντρον εἰςορᾶν, Phil. 27; πράξεις οἷον ἂν ϑέλῃς, O. C. 960, öfter; πάρεστι παῖς Ὀλυμπίου Διὸς –, οἷον ἔρνος οὔτις ἂν τέκοι ϑεός, Aesch. Eum. 636; in Prosa überall; οὐδὲν οἷον τὸ αὐτὸν ἐρωτᾶν, Nichts ist so wie das Selbstfragen, dies ist das Beste, Plat. Gorg. 447 c; die Attraction zu merken, nach der man sagte οὐκ ἄν που περὶ τοῦ τοιούτου ὁ λόγος εἴη οἵου τοῦ ἐνός, über ein solches, wie das Eine ist, Parm. 161 b; σχεδὸν εἰπεῖν οἵῳ γε ἐμοὶ παντάπασιν ἄπορον, für τοιούτῳ, οἷος ἐγώ εἰμι, Soph. 237 c; γνόντες τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν χαλεπὴν εἶναι δημοκρατίαν, Xen. Hell. 2, 3, 25; χαρίζομαι οἵῳ σοι ἀνδρί, = ἀνδρὶ τοιούτῳ, οἷος σὺ εἶ, Mem. 2, 9, 3; πρὸς ἄνδρας τολμηροὺς οἵους καὶ Ἀϑηναίους, zu solch verwegenen Männern, wie auch die Athener sind, Thuc. 7, 21; Sp., wie noch Luc. sagt ἀνδρὶ οἵῳ σοὶ πολεμιστῇ μονομαχῆσαι, Tox. 11. Auffallender sind die Beispiele, wo der Deutlichkeit wegen das subj. in dem Relativsatz unverändert im nom. bleibt, νεανίας δ' οἵους σὺ διαδεδραμηκότας, Ar. Ach. 601; οὐκ ἔφασαν δὲ τῶν οἵων περ αὐτὸς ὄντων, Xen. Hell. 1, 4, 16; οἵοις περ σὺ συμβούλοις, Dem. 24, 185, wo Bekker οἷός περ gegen alle mss. geschrieben, wie er auch Aesch. 2, 151 τρισμυρίους οἷός περ σύ nach einer Handschrift für οἵους schreibt; auch Vrbdgn, wie συγγράφεσϑαι λόγους οἵους εἰς τὰ δικαστήρια, solche Reden, wie sie für die Gerichte passen, Plat. Euthyd. 272 a; mit dem superlat., καί ποτε ὄντος πάγου οἵου δεινοτάτου, Conv. 220 b, was vollständig heißen müßte τοιούτου, οἷος δεινότατός ἐστιν, da einst eine Kälte war, so wie die schrecklichste ist, wie sie am schrecklichsten ist; πολλαὶ ἀπέχϑειαί μοι γεγόνασι καὶ οἷαι χαλεπώταται, Apel. 23 a; Her. ἀφόρητος οἷος κρυμός, 4, 28; ἐδόκει τοιοῦτος εἶναι, οἷος ἂν εἴη ἄριστός γε ἀνήρ, Xen. Mem. 4, 8 a. C.; χωρίον οἷον χαλεπώτατον, An. 4, 8, 2, ganz wie sonst ὡς gebraucht wird; Arist. Eth. 9, 3 u. Sp. – b) in indirecter Frage, von welcher Art, was für ein, u. im verwundernden oder unwilligen Ausruf, Hom. u. Folgende überall; οἶσϑα, οἷος ἐκεῖνος δεινὸς ἀνήρ, Il. 11, 653; οἶσϑα καὶ αὐτή, οἷος ἐκείνου ϑυμός, 15, 94; γνοίης χ' οἵου φωτὸς ἔχεις ϑαλερὴν παράκοιτιν, 3, 53; οἷον δὴ τὸν μῦϑον ἐπεφράσϑης ἀγορεῦσαι, welch eine Rede hast du doch da vorzubringen gewußt! Od. 5, 183, vgl. Il. 5, 601; im neutr., οἷον δή νυ ϑεοὺς βροτοὶ αἰτιόωνται, wie beschuldigen doch die Sterblichen die Götter, Od. 1, 32, vgl. Il. 13, 633. 17, 587. 21, 57; ὦ πούς, οἷά μ' ἐργάσει κακά, Soph. Phil. 775; ὧ τλῆμον, οἷον ἔργον εἴργασαι, Ant. 1213, öfter; οἷον τὸ πῦρ, Aesch. Ag. 1229; δέρκου, οἵαις ὑπ' αὐτοῦ πημοναῖσι κάμπτομαι, Prom. 306; σκέψας, οἷός σε χειμὼν ἔπεισι, 1017; λέξω, οἵας γ' ἀρᾶται καὶ κατεύχεται τύχας, Spt. 615, wo man freilich, wie in der Mehrzahl der Beispiele, auch ein Demonstrativum ergänzen kann, aber diese Ergänzung nicht mehr im Bewußtsein der Sprache liegt, obwohl die eigentliche Form der indirecten Frage ὁποῖος ist; ὅταν προδείξῃς, οἷόν ἐστι τὸ φϑονεῖν, Soph. O. R. 624; ἀκούετ' οἷα φϑέγγεται, O. C. 885; φράσουσα, οἷα πάσχω, Trach. 532; γνώσεταί γε τότ' ἤδη ὁ δῆμος, οἷος οἷον ϑρέμμα γεννῶν ἠσπάζετο, Plat. Rep. VIII, 569 b; ὁρᾶτε δή, ἐν οἵῳ ἐστέ, in was für einer vage ihr seid, Xen. Cyr. 3, 2, 12; ὁρῶν, ἐν οἵοις ἐσμέν, An. 3, 1, 15; wohin auch folgende Beispiele zu rechnen sind: αἰσχύνεσϑαί μοι δοκῶ, οἵους ἡμῶν γνώσεσϑε τοὺς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ὄντας ἀνϑρώπους, An. 1, 7, 4, wenn man mit Krüger dem Sinne nach ἐνϑυμούμενος ergänzt; 7, 4, 1 ὅπως φόβον ἐνϑείη καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις, οἷα πείσονται. – Gewöhnlich pflegt man solche Verbindungen so zu erklären, daß οἷος für ὅτι τοῖος gesetzt sei, κατοικτείρων τήν τε γυναῖκα, οἵου ἀνδρὸς στέροιτο καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα, οἵαν γυναῖκα οὐκέτ' ὄψοιτο, Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 13. Man muß hierbei von einfachen Verbindungen ausgehen, wie ὠκύμορος δή μοι, τέκος, ἔσσεαι, οἷ' ἀγορεύεις, Il. 18, 95, eigtl. κατὰ τοιαῦτα, οἷα ἀγ., nach dem, was du sagst, aus dem zu schließen, was du sprichst; αἵματός εἰς ἀγαϑοῖο, οἷ' ἀγορεύεις, Od. 4, 611; οἷά μ' ἔοργας, nach dem, was du mir gethan hast, Il. 22, 347. Aehnlich τὸν δὲ ἄνακτα χόλος λάβεν, οἷον ἄκουσεν, Il. 6, 166, nach dem, was er gehört, oder weil er solches gehört hatte, also ganz wie ὅτι τοῖον ἤκουσεν; und mit einer dem lat. quae est tua humanitas entsprechenden Wendung, οἷος ἐκείνου ϑυμὸς ὑπέρβιος, οὔ σε μεϑήσει, wie sein Herz ist, d. i. da sein Herz so ist, nach seinem Uebermuthe, Od. 15, 212, vgl. Il. 18, 262; ganz ähnlich πρὸς οἷα δουλείας ζυγὰ χωροῦμεν, οἷοι νῷν ἐφεστᾶσι σκοποί, Soph. Ai. 925, da solche Späher dabei stehen; τίς δὲ τολμήσει κλύων τὰ τοῦδ' ἕπεσϑαι τἀνδρός, οἷ' ἐϑέσπισεν, nach dem, was er weissagte, da er solches geweissagt, O. C. 1430, vgl. 818; Trach. 790; ἔσται ταπεινός, οἷον ἐξαρτύεται γάμον γαμεῖν, Aesch. Prom. 910; αἱ Ἀργεῖαι ἐμακάριζον τὴν μητέρα, οἵων τέκνων ἐκύρησε, Her. 1, 31, eigentlich ein Uebergreifen der directen Rede in die indirecte: welche Kinder hat sie! wo wir einen einfacheren Zusammenhang des Satzes zu haben glauben, wenn wir übersetzen »daß sie solche Kinder habe«; τῷ πολεμίῳ ἀγανάκτησιν ἔχει ὑφ' οἵων κακοπαϑεῖ (direct klagt er ὑφ' οἵων κακοπαϑῶ), Thuc. 2, 41, was man erkl. durch ὅτι ὑπ ὸ τοιούτων κακοπαϑεῖ; vgl. ἡ ἄλλη αἰκία οὐδ' ἃς ῥᾳδία ἐδοξάζετο, ἄλλως τε καὶ ἀπὸ οἵας λαμπρότητος εἰς οἵαν ταπεινότητα ἀφῖκτο, 7, 75, wo man wie in der obigen Stelle des Xen. leicht auch ein ἐνϑυμουμένοις ergänzt oder übersetzt »zumal da man aus solchem Glanz in solches Elend gekommen«; τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ τύχην ἀπέκλαιον, οἵου ἀνδρὸς ἑταίρου ἐστερημένος εἴην, ich beklagte mein Geschick, welches Mannes ich beraubt sei, Plat. Phaed. 117 c, vgl. Conv. 209 d u. Hom. Ζεῦ πάτερ, οὐ νεμεσίζῃ Ἄρει τάδε ἔργα, ὁσσάτιον καὶ οἷον ἀπώλεσε λαόν, zürnst du nicht, was für eine Schaar und wie Viele hat er gemordet! Il. 5, 757, wo wir freilich auch sagen können ὅτι τοσοῦτον καὶ τοιοῦτον λαὸν ἀπώλεσεν, daß er eine so große und solch eine Schaar getödtet hat, Vgl. noch ἦ μάλα μευ καταδάπτετ' ἀκούοντος φίλον ἦτορ, οἷά φατε μνηστῆρας ἀτάσϑαλα μηχανάασϑαι, Od. 16, 92, u. 17, 160, wo nach einer Weissagung über die nahe bevorstehende Ankunft und Rache des Odysseus hinzugefügt wird οἷον ἐγὼν οἰωνὸν – ἐφρασάμην (man vergleiche das unter ὁ, ἡ, τό über den relativen Gebrauch Gesagte, was von anderer Seite diesem ähnlich ist); wir übersetzen »solch ein Vogelzeichen« oder »denn solch ein V.« bemerkte ich. S. noch Od. 17, 479. 8, 12. – c) die nähere Beziehung der Art und Weise wird zuweilen durch einen acc. ausgedrückt, οἶδ' ἀρετὴν οἷός ἐσσι, was für ein Mann an Trefflichkeit du bist, Il. 13, 275; häufiger durch einen inf., οἷος ἐκεῖνος ἔην τελέσαι ἔργον τε ἔπος τε, Od. 2, 272, so wie jener war, ein Werk zu vollenden, d. i. so tüchtig wie er war in der Ausführung eines Werkes; ὁ δ' ἔπειτα νόον σχέϑε τόνδ' ἐνὶ ϑυμῷ, οἷος ἐκεῖνος ἔην βουλευέμεν ἠδὲ μάχεσϑαι, Od. 14, 490; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὥρα οἵα τὸ πεδίον ἄρδειν, Xen. An. 2, 3, 13; δοκεῖ μοι τὸ πολὺ τῶν ἀνϑρώπων οἷον ἕπεσϑαι, Cyr. 2, 2, 23; mit vorhergehendem τοιοῦτος läßt es sich dann oft sodaß übersetzen, ϑέαμα δ' εἰςόψει τάχα τοιοῠτον οἷον καὶ στυγοῦντ' ἐπ οικτίσαι, Soph. O. R. 1295, ein solches Schauspiel, wie es auch der Feind bejammert, so daß auch der Hassende Mitleid empfindet; τοιοῦτον ἐκβέβηκεν, οἷον ὑμῖν ϑαῦμ' ἀνέλπιστον μαϑεῖν, Trach. 669, vgl. O. C. 1402; τοιοῦτός τις, οἷος διαπονεῖσϑαι καὶ καρτερεῖν, Plat. Crat. 395 a; μὴ τοιοῦτοι ἔσονται οἱ πολῖται οἷοι πονηροῦ τινος ἔργου ἐφίεσϑαι, Xen. Cyr. 1, 2, 3; und ohne vorausgehendes Demonstrativum, οἵ γε ἀγαϑοὶ δίκαιοί τε καὶ οἷοι μὴ ἀδικεῖν, von der Art, daß sie nicht Unrecht thun, Plat. Rep. I, 334 d, vgl. Prot. 352 c Phaedr. 256 a Phaed. 80 a; οὐ γὰρ ἦν οἷος ἀπὸ παντὸς κερδᾶναι, Xen. Mem. 2, 9, 3; ἦν δὲ οὗτος μηδὲν ἧσσον ἥδεσϑαι, Hell. 6, 3, 3. – Wie bei Hom. zu οἷος auch sonst das bei Relativis oft gebrauchte τέ hinzutritt (s. unter τέ), οἷός τε πελώριος ἔρχεται Ἄρης, wie Ares daher kommt, Il. 7, 208, vgl. 17, 157 Od. 7, 106. 11, 536, so tritt es auch in dieser Vrbdg ein, οὐ γάρ τοι σέ γε τοῖον ἐγείνατο πότνια μήτηρ, οἷόν τε ῥυτῆρα βιοῦ τ' ἔμεναι καὶ όϊστῶν, 21, 172, nicht als einen solchen, den Bogen zu spannen, d. i. daß du ein Spanner des Bogens sein solltest, vgl. 19, 160. 21, 117; u. so ist οἷοςτε c. in f. herrschend geworden in der Bdtg im Stande sein, geschickt sein, Etwas zu thun, d. i. ich kann es thun, u. im neutr. οἷόν τέ ἐστιν, esistmöglich, τί σοι οἷοί τε ϑνητοὶ τῶνδ' ἀπαντλῆσαι πόνων, Aesch. Prom. 84, vgl. 107; πείϑειν οἷός τ' εἶ, Soph. O. C. 807; O. R. 24; λέγειν οἷός τ' ἀνήρ, Eur. Bacch. 270, öfter; Ar. u. in Prosa überall; οὐκ οἷοί τε ἦσαν αὐτὸ ποιῆσαι, Her. 1, 29; ἀνευρεῖν οὐκ οἷοί τε ἐγινέατο, 1, 67; οὐκ οἷόν τε ἐγένετο παραγαγεῖν μοίρας, es war nicht möglich, 1, 91; οὐκ οἷά τε εἶναι ἰδεῖν τὸ πρόσω, 4, 31; ἕως ἔτι τὸ πέλαγος οἷόν τε περαιοῠσϑαι, Thuc. 7, 47, so lange es noch möglich; u. so öfter mit Auslassung von εἶναι, vgl. Xen. An. 2, 2, 3. 3, 3, 15; ὥςτ' αὐτῷ οἷός τ' ἐγενόμην ἀποκρίνασϑαι, Plat. Rep. I, 336 a; οἷόν τε οἴει, hältst du es für möglich, VI, 486 a; οἷόν τε ὄν, da es möglich ist, Crit. 46 a; auch bei superl., ὡς οἷόν τε μάλιστα, so sehr wie möglich, Prot. 349 e, ὡς οἷόν τε σμικρότατα, Parm. 144 b; ὡς οἷόν τε μάλιστα πεφυλαγμένως, Xen. An. 2, 4, 24; οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν αὐτῷ σωϑῆναι, Antiph. 1, 8; Sp., bei denen es auch zuweilen die Geneigtheit Etwas zu thun ausdrückt, wie wir wohl auch sagen: er ist im Stande dies zu thun, für »er ist nicht abgeneigt«, Pol. οὐ γὰρ οἷος ἦν συγκαταβαίνειν εἰς τὰς διαλύσεις, 25, 5, 11, οὐχ οἷοί τε ἦσαν ἐπιτρέπειν, 1, 26, 2, vgl. 3, 88, 8. 90, 5, öfter. – Weil so οἷός τε den Attikern sehr geläufig wurde, schrieb man es auch als ein Wort und hat in neuester Zeit auch wohl angefangen ihm nur einen Accent zu geben ( οἱόςτε), was aber keine Nachahmung verdient. – d) die Attiker verdoppeln gern das Wort in demselben Satze, ἱερῶν οἵαν οἵων ἐπί μοι χάριν ἠνύσω Soph. Tr. 990, λεύσσετε οἷα πρὸς οἵων ἀνδρῶν πάσχω Ant. 933, öfter; οἵας οἷος ὢν ἁμαρ τάνεις, Eur. Alc. 142; οἷος οἵων αἴτιος ὢν τυγχάνει, Plat. Conv. 195 a; σκέψαι δέ, οἵῳ ὄντι μοι περὶ σὲ οἷος ὢν περὶ ἐμὲ ἔπειτά μοι μέμφῃ, Xen. Cyr. 4, 5, 29, vergleiche mein Betragen gegen dich mit deinem gegen mich, und dann tadele mich. – e) die Construction des οἷος mit dem dat. ist sehr zweifelhaft, denn Hes. O. 314 hilft die richtige Interpunction Göttlings: δαίμονι δ', οἷος ἔησϑα, τὸ ἐργάζεσϑαι ἄμεινον, ohne daß man ἶσος zu ändern hätte, vgl. τοιοῦτος. – Adverbial wird oft οἷον, bei Dichtern u. Her. auch οἷα gebraucht, wie, welches auch zu Adjectivis gesetzt wird, οἷον ἐερσήεις, wie frisch, Il. 24, 419, οἷα ἀτάσϑαλα, Od. 16, 93. – Am häufigsten dient es dazu, ein Beispiel oder eine Vergleichung einzuführen; auch Ausdruck einer indirecten Frage und eines verwundernden Ausrufs, wie das adj., oft durch δή verstärkt, οἷον δὴ Μενέλαον ὑπέτρεσας Il. 17, 587, οἷον ὅτε πρῶτον λίπον Ἑλλάδα 9, 447, οἷον ἅπαντες ἧσϑε Od. 2, 239; oft bei Plat., οἷον τοὺς αἰσχρούς Prot. 323, οἷον τοιόνδε λέγω Gorg. 464 a; οἷόν ποτε καὶ Παρμενίδῃ παρεγενόμην Soph. 217 c; οἷον ἐπίδειξιν ποιούμενον, gleichsam, wie δεῖν τοὺς τοιούτους λόγους αὑτοῦ λέγεσϑαι οἷον υἱεῖς γνησίους εἶναι, solche Reden sind gleichsam wie echte Kinder, Phaedr. 278 a; und bei partic., wie quippe, οἷον δὲ διὰ χρόνου ἀφιγμένος ἀσμένως ᾖα, Charmid. u. A.; οἷον δὴ εὐωχίας οὔσης, Conv. 203 b; auch οἷα, für »zum Beispiel«, Rep. IX, 575 b; οἷα δή Her. 2, 82. – Spätere verdoppeln auch οἷον ὡς, οἷον ὥςπερ, ὡς οἷον, ὡς οἷα, vgl. Lob. zu Phryn. 427; οἷον γοῦν oft S. Emp. – Bei Pol. ist οὐχ οἷον – ἀλλ' οὐδέ ich will nicht sagen, nicht nur nicht, – sondern nicht einmal, 1, 20, 12. 3, 82, 5 (wie S. Emp. adv. log. 2, 345); auch οὐχ οἷον μόνον – ἀλλὰ καί, 18, 18, 11. – Auch das adv. οἵως findet sich, οἷος ὢν οἵως ἔχεις, Soph. Ai. 906; Ar. Vesp. 1363. – In der Vrbdg mit Partikeln, οἷός περ, wie ja auch, οἷος δή, οἷος οὖν, οἷος δήποτε, behalten diese ihre eigentliche Bedeutung. – [Die erste Sylbe wird von Hom. zuweilen verkürzt, Il. 13, 275. 18, 105 Od. 7, 312. 20, 89, u. so oft bei den Atikern, z. B. bei Soph. oft im zweiten Fuße des Trimeters, O. R. 1415 O. C. 263. 807 Trach. 739, immer in der Formel οἷός τε; spätere schlechte Dichter brauchen sogar das fem. οἵα als Pyrrhichius, s. Jac. A. P. LXV.]
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18 άμπελος
άμπελος ηвиноград как христианский символ. В Священном Писании виноградные лозы и виноград очень часто служат для иносказательных выражений. Виноградная лоза считалась у иудеев символом всего, что только было сильно, красиво и полезно. Потому в пророческих книгах Иудея и Иудейская Церковь уподобляются великой виноградной лозе, украшенной превосходнейшими плодами, насажденной и хранимой самим Богом. Сам Бог был виноградарем, Израиль виноградником, а каждый истинный израильтянин его ветвями. Изображая внутреннее духовное и теснейшее единение верующих с Собой, сам Господь называет Себя виноградной лозой:Εγώ ειμί η άμπελος η αληθινή και ο πατήρ μου ο γεωργός εστίν... (Ιωάν. 15, 1-6) — Я есмь истинная виноградная лоза, а Отец Мой виноградарь…(Ин. 15, 1-6)
Под видом хлеба и вина (виноградного) Христос преподал нам высочайшее таинство Своих Тела и Крови, заповедав всем всегда совершать это в Его воспоминаниеЭтим.Слово не индоевропейского происхождения. Принадлежит к догреческой языковой группе. Слово употребляется в Септуагинте для передачи значения евр. gephen, которое относилось в переносном значении к народу Израиля:εγώ δε εφύτευσά σε άμπελον καρποφόρον (Ιερεμίας 2, 21) — Я насадил тебя как благородную лозу (Иер. 2, 21)
В Новом Завете термин άμπελος — относится к Христу, см. выше -
19 τὶς
τὶς, τὶ, gen. τινός, dat. τινί, acc. τινά, τὶ (Hom.+) enclitic, indefinite pronoun (W-S. §26, 1–4; B-D-F §301 al.; Rob. 741–44)① a ref. to someone or someth. indefinite, anyone, anything; someone, something; many a one/thing, a certain oneⓐ subst.α. τὶς, τινέςא. someone, anyone, somebody Mt 12:29, 47; Mk 8:4; 9:30; 11:16; Lk 8:46; 9:57; 13:6, 23; J 2:25; 6:46; Ac 5:25; 17:25; Ro 5:7ab; 1 Cor 15:35; 2 Cor 11:20 (five times); Hb 3:4; Js 2:18; 2 Pt 2:19 al. Pl. τινές some, a number of (people—supplied as in Appian, Hann. 47 §203 λαβών τινας=he received some, i.e. people; TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 20 [Stone p. 84]; TestJob 9:8; Just., A I, 28, 2) Lk 13:1; Ac 15:1; Gal 2:12; 2 Th 3:11; anyone 2 Pt 3:9b (TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 24 [Stone p. 80] εἶδεν … τινὰς ἀπερχομένους εἰς ἔρημον τόπον).—In contrast to a majority made evident by the context some of those present (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 26 §119 ἔφερόν τινες) Mk 14:65; J 13:29a; of all (under consideration) 1 Cor 8:7; 9:22. ἀνατρέπουσιν τήν τινων πίστιν 2 Tim 2:18; AcPlCor 1:2.—W. partitive gen. (Diod S 2, 24, 4; Plut., Mor. 189a τῶν ἐχθρῶν τις; Epict. 2, 14, 1 τὶς τῶν Ῥωμαϊκῶν; TestReub 4:2 τινὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν; Ar. 12, 7 τινὲς … αὐτῶν; Just., A I, 27, 3; Tat. 36, 2) τὶς τῶν Φαρισαίων (some) one of the Pharisees, a Pharisee Lk 7:36. Cp. 11:45; Ac 5:15. τὶς ὑμῶν 1 Cor 6:1. Pl. τινὲς τῶν γραμματέων some (of the) scribes Mt 9:3. Cp. 12:38; 28:11; Mk 7:1f; 12:13; Lk 6:2; Ac 10:23; 12:1; 17:18a, 28; 1 Cor 10:7–10 al.—Also τὶς ἐκ (Plut., Galba 1065 [27, 2]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 84 §343 τὶς ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς) τὶς ἐξ ὑμῶν Js 2:16; Hb 3:13; GJs 24:2. Pl. τινὲς ἐξ αὐτῶν (Jos., Bell. 1, 311; Just., D. 85, 1 τινὲς ἐξ ὑμῶν) Lk 11:15. Cp. J 6:64; 7:25, 44; 9:16; 11:37, 46; Ac 15:24.—τὶς ἐν ὑμῖν any one among you, any of you Js 5:13a, 14, 19. ἐν ὑμῖν τινες 1 Cor 15:12.—ταῦτά τινες ἦτε some of you were that sort of people 6:11 (οὗτος 1bζ). τινές described by a rel. clause (Dionysius Com. [IV B.C.] 11 εἰσίν τινες νῦν, οὓς …) Mk 9:1. τὶς in 14:47 is prob. not original (PDickerson, JBL 116, ’97, 302).ב. with suggestion of non-specificity in a context where an entity is specified to some extent τίς a certain pers., etc., of a definite pers. Lk 9:49; 2 Cor 2:5; 10:7; 11:21 (of an opponent as UPZ 146, 2 [II B.C.]; Sallust. 12 p. 24, 20; 24.—Artem. 4, 22 p. 214, 20ff τὶς … οὗ ἐγὼ καίπερ εὖ εἰδὼς τὸ ὄνομα οὐκ ἐπιμνησθήσομαι; Tat. 27, 1 [of Callimachus]). Pl. τινές certain people, etc. (Crates, Ep. 32 [p. 82 Malherbe]; Demosth. 25, 40, Ep. 3, 8; Diod S 15, 18, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §470 ‘certain’ people who had conspired to cause trouble; Iambl., Myst. 1, 13 p. 43, 2 P.; Sallust. 4 p. 4, 28) Ro 3:8; 1 Cor 4:18; 15:34; 2 Cor 3:1; 1 Ti 1:3, 19 al.; 2 Pt 3:9a. W. a name added ἦν δέ τις ἀσθενῶν, Λάζαρος there was a man who was ill, named L. J 11:1 (begins like a story that originally circulated independently; cp. Alcman 84 Diehl2 ἦσκέ [=ἦν] τις Καφεὺς ἀνάσσων=there was once someone, named Capheus, who ruled). The name is also added in Ac 18:7. W. a subst. ptc. τινές εἰσι οἱ ταράσσοντες Gal 1:7 (cp. Lysias 19, 57 εἰσί τινες οἱ προαναλίσκοντες).ג. For εἷς τις s. εἷς 3c. For εἴ τις s. εἰ 7. ἐάν τις (TestAbr B 13 p. 118, 7 [Stone p. 84]; Just., D. 46, 1 ἐὰν δέ τινε) Mt 21:3a; 24:23; Mk 11:3; Lk 16:30; J 6:51 al.; Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5); 1 Cor 8:10; 10:28; Col 3:13a; 1 Ti 1:8; 2 Ti 2:5; Js 2:14; 1J 2:1, 15; 4:20; Rv 3:20; 22:18f. ἐὰν μή τις if someone … not J 3:3, 5; 15:6; if no one Ac 8:31. τὶς w. a neg. no one, nobody οὐ … τὶς J 10:28. οὐδὲ … τὶς Mt 11:27; 12:19. οὔτε … τὶς Ac 28:21. οὐ … ὑπό τινος 1 Cor 6:12. μή τις that no one Mt 24:4; Mk 13:5; Ac 27:42; 1 Cor 1:15; 16:11; 2 Cor 8:20; 11:16a; Eph 2:9; 1 Th 5:15; Hb 4:11 al. πρὸς τὸ μή τινα 1 Th 2:9. ὥστε μὴ … τινά Mt 8:28.ד. The ptc. that belongs directly w. the indef. pron. is added w. the art. πρός τινας τοὺς πεποιθότας to some who put their trust Lk 18:9. Cp. 2 Cor 10:2; Gal 1:7; Col 2:8. But it also stands without the art: τινῶν λεγόντων when some were talking Lk 21:5. Cp. 1 Ti 6:10, 21; Hb 10:28.ה. corresponding τὶς … ἕτερος δέ someone … and another 1 Cor 3:4. τινὲς (μὲν) … τινὲς (δέ) Lk 9:7f; Phil 1:15 (τινὲς μὲν … τινὲς δέ as Diod S 12, 41, 6; Ar. 8, 2).ו. each one καθώς τις ἄξιός ἐστιν κατοικεῖν as each one deserves to dwell Hs 8, 2, 5a. Cp. 8, 4, 2. B-D-F §301, 2.β. τὶ, τινάא. something, anything ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τι κατὰ σοῦ Mt 5:23. Cp. 20:20; Mk 8:23; 9:22; 13:15; Lk 7:40; 11:54; J 13:29a; 1 Cor 10:31 al.—W. partitive gen. (Diod S 20, 39, 3 τινὰ τῶν ἀφηρπασμένων=some of what had been seized [by the enemy]; Just., D. 2, 4 τὶ τῶν εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν συντελούντων something that contributes to happiness) τὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων Ac 4:32. Cp. Ro 15:18; Eph 5:27. τὶ ἀγαθοῦ Hs 5, 3, 3.ב. in negative statements not (nor) anything = nothing οὔτε … τὶ Ac 25:8. οὐδὲ … τὶ 1 Ti 6:7 (TestJob 11:12; cp. JosAs 10:20 μηδὲ … τινό).ג. τινὰ μὲν … τινὰ δέ some … others (w. ref. to πρόβατα and hence neut.) Hs 6, 2, 2.ד. On εἴ τι s. εἰ 7.ה. εἶναί τι be or amount to someth. Gal 2:6; 1 Cor 3:7. εἰ δοκεῖ τις εἶναί τι μηδὲν ὤν Gal 6:3 (s. 2 below and s. W-S. §26, 3).ⓑ adj.α. some, any, a certain, though oft. omitted in transl. into Engl.; used withא. a subst. τὶς: ἱερεύς τις Lk 1:5; 10:31. ἀνήρ (a narrative begins in this way Syntipas p. 16, 4; 30, 3; 46, 16; 57, 1; Just., D. 81, 4 [of John]) Ac 3:2; 8:9a; 14:8. ἄνθρωπος Mt 18:12 (JosAs 28:4). κώμη Lk 17:12 (Just., A I, 34, 2). Cp. 7:2, 41; 18:2; J 4:46; Ac 27:8; Hb 4:7.—τὶ: ὕδωρ Ac 8:36. σκεῦος 10:11.ב. a proper name (X., Hell. 5, 4, 3; Jos., Ant. 12, 160; Ar. 10, 1 Ἥφαιστόν τινα; Just., A I, 26, 4 Μένανδρον … τινά; Ath. 12, 1 Μίνως τις) Σίμωνά τινα a certain Simon Lk 23:26; Ac 10:5f; Mk 15:21. Σίμων τις AcPlCor 1:2. Cp. Ac 21:16; 22:12; 25:19b.ג. an adj. or adjectival pron. μέγας Ac 8:9b. ἕτερός τις vs. 34 (GrBar 6:6; Just., D. 128, 4; Mel., P. 26, 180). τὶς ἕτερος Papias (2, 4). τὶς ἄλλος 1 Cor 1:16; Phil 3:4 (TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 7 [Stone p. 68] ἄλλο τι; TestJob 11:2 ἄλλοι τινές; Just., D. 6, 1 ἄλλο τι). τινὲς ἄλλοι (Diod S 5, 81, 4 ἄλλοι τινὲς [τ. ποιητῶν]; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; Just., D. 84, 4 ἄλλαι τινές) Ac 15:2. τὶ ἀγαθόν Ro 9:11; Hs 2:10. ἀσφαλές τι Ac 25:26. Cp. Hb 11:40.—In neg. statements (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 3 [Stone p. 20]) not any = no Lk 11:36; Js 5:12.β. serving to moderate or heightenא. to moderate an expr. that is too definite (Just., D. 48, 1 [λόγος] … παράδοξός τις … δοκεῖ μοι εἶναι [your statement], in my judgment, does not make much sense; Diod S 1, 1, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 15 §65 οἷά τινες δορυφόροι=as a kind of bodyguard) ἀπαρχήν τινα a kind of first-fruits Js 1:18 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 39 §162 τὶς μετάνοια=something like remorse; 3, 77 §314 συγγνώμη τις=some kind of pardon).—So perh. δύο τινὰς τῶν μαθητῶν several disciples, perhaps two Lk 7:18 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 59 §245 δύο τινάς=a few [ships], about two; Jos., Ant. 16, 274). But the expr. in Ac 23:23 τινὰς δύο τῶν ἑκατονταρχῶν certainly means two, who simply cannot be more closely defined (s. W-S. §26, 1b; Rob. 742; Mlt-Turner 195).ב. w. adjectives of quality and quantity to heighten the rhetorical emphasis φοβερά τις ἐκδοχὴ κρίσεως Hb 10:27. βραχύ τι (only) a little 2:7, 9 (Ps 8:6).γ. of an indefinite quantity that is nevertheless not without importance, some, considerable χρόνον τινά (Diod S 13, 75, 6 μετά τινα χρόνον; Jos., Ant. 8, 398) Ac 18:23; 1 Cor 16:7. Cp. Ro 1:11, 13. μέρος τι 1 Cor 11:18.δ. τινές several (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 49 §202 ἱππεῖς τινες; Just., D. 50, 2 λόγους τινάς; Ath. 23, 1 τινὰς … ἐνεργείας) ἡμέρας τινάς Ac 9:19; 10:48; 15:36. γυναῖκές τινες Lk 8:2. Cp. Ac 15:2; 17:5f al.—On its position in the sentence s. W-S. §26, 4; B-D-F §473, 1; Rob. 743.② a ref. to someone of prominence, a person of importance τὶς εἶναι τις to be a person of importance, to be somebody (Eur., El. 939; Theocr. 11, 79; Herodas 6, 54; Epict. 3, 14, 2, Ench. 13; Lucian, Lexiph. 22, Adv. Indoct. 1; Tat. 16, 2 εἶναί τινες; PGM 13, 288 ἐγώ εἰμί τις) λέγων εἶναί τινα ἑαυτόν claiming to be somebody Ac 5:36; IEph 3:1 (so also τὶ; s. 1aβה above; antonym s.v. οὐδείς 2bβ).—DELG. M-M. EDNT. -
20 ἀλήθεια
ἀλήθεια, ας, ἡ (cp. λανθάνω ‘escape notice’ s. DELG s.v. λανθάνω; Schwyzer I 469; Hom. +) prim. ‘hiding nothing’.① the quality of being in accord with what is true, truthfulness, dependability, uprightness in thought and deed (Alcaeus 57 [366 L.-P.]; Mimnermus 8 al.) of God (Gen 24:27 al.) Ro 3:7; 15:8. Of people (Pittacus in Diog. L. 1, 78; Arrian, Anab. 7, 30, 3; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 11, 6; 4 Km 20:3; Judg 9:15f al.; EpArist 206) ἐν ἀ. λαλεῖν speak truthfully 2 Cor 7:14; (w. εἰλικρίνεια) 1 Cor 5:8; (w. ἀγαθωσύνη and δικαιοσύνη) Eph 5:9; 1 Cl 19:1; 31:2; 35:2; Pol 2:1; ἐν πάσῃ ἀ. w. perfect fidelity 4:2.—Hm 8:9; 12, 3, 1; Hs 9, 15, 2.② the content of what is true, truth (opp. ψεῦδος)ⓐ gener. ἀ. λαλεῖν tell the truth (Zech 8:16) Eph 4:25; Hm 3:5; 2 Cl 12:3. ἀ. λέγειν (Hdt. 2, 115 al.; PGiss 84, 14 [II A.D.] τὴν ἀ. εἰπεῖν) Ro 9:1; 1 Ti 2:7. Fut. ἀ. ἐρῶ 2 Cor 12:6. ἀ. ἀγαπᾶν Hm 3:1. Opp. ψεύδεσθαι κατὰ τῆς ἀ. lie against the truth Js 3:14; εἶπεν αὐτῷ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀ. she told him the whole truth Mk 5:33 (cp. Hdt. 9, 89; Thu. 6, 87, 1 al.; Cleopatra ln. 88; POxy 283, 13f [45 A.D.] γνωσθῆναι πᾶσαν τὴν ἀ.; Jos., Bell. 7, 31 πυθόμενος παρʼ αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀ.). ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας by truthful speech 2 Cor 6:7; ῥήματα ἀληθείας Ac 26:25; μόρφωσις τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀ. embodiment of knowledge and truth Ro 2:20; ἡ ἁγνότης τῆς ἀ. the purity that belongs to truth Hv 3, 7, 3. ἔξωθεν τῆς ἀ.=ψευδής 3, 4, 3.ⓑ esp. of the content of Christianity as the ultimate truth (cp. Plut., Mor. 351e ἀ. περὶ θεῶν; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 178, the proselyte is a μεταναστὰς εἰς ἀ.) Eph 4:21 (CScott, Exp. 8th ser. 3, 1912, 178–85; FBriggs, ET 39, 1928, 526). ὁ λόγος τῆς ἀ. the word of truth Eph 1:13; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18. ὁ λόγος τῆς ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τοῦ παρόντος εἰς ὑμᾶς Col 1:5; cp. 2 Pt 1:12. ἡ ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Gal 2:5, 14. ἔστιν ἀ. Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐμοί 2 Cor 11:10. ὁ περὶ ἀ. λόγος Pol 3:2; πείθεσθαι τῇ ἀ. Gal 5:7; πιστεύειν τῇ ἀ. 2 Th 2:12; hence πίστει ἀληθείας belief in the truth vs. 13; δύνασθαί τι κατὰ τῆς ἀ. … ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀ. 2 Cor 13:8; περιπατεῖν ἐν ἀ. 2J 4; 3J 3f (cp. 4 Km 20:3); ζῆν κατὰ ἀ. IEph 6:2; πορεύεσθαι κατὰ τὴν ἀ. Pol 5:2; ἐν ἀ. (3 Km 2:4) Hm 3:4; gird oneself w. truth Eph 6:14; cp. Hm 11:4.—Truth expresses itself in virtues like righteousness and holiness, Eph 4:24 (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 67, 1 Jac. δικαιοσύνην κ. ἀλ.). Hence it is contrasted w. ἀδικία 1 Cor 13:6; Ro 1:18; 2:8. In the last-named passage a negative attitude toward the truth is called ἀπειθεῖν τῇ ἀ. Also πλανᾶσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς ἀ. wander from the truth Js 5:19; ἀστοχεῖν περὶ τὴν ἀ. 2 Ti 2:18; καταστρέφειν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀ. Hs 6, 2, 1, cp. 4; ἀποστρέφειν τὴν ἀκοὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀ. 2 Ti 4:4 opp. μῦθοι, cp. ἀποστρέφεσθαι Tit 1:14; ἀποστερεῖσθαι τῆς ἀ. 1 Ti 6:5; ἐρευνᾶν περὶ τῆς ἀ. make inquiries about the truth Hm 10, 1, 4; 6; ἀνθίστασθαι τῇ ἀ. oppose the truth (i.e. the gospel) 2 Ti 3:8. Opp. μῦθοι 4:4. Truth can be communicated (cp. Did., Gen. 86, 21): φανερώσει τῆς ἀ. by a clear statement of the truth 2 Cor 4:2 (sim. in later Christian prayer POxy 925, 4f φανέρωσόν μοι τὴν παρὰ σοὶ ἀλ.); is taught D 11:10; recognized 1 Ti 4:3; Hv 3, 6, 2; cp. ἐπίγνωσις τῆς ἀληθείας (Alex. Aphr., Quaest. 3, 12, II 2 p. 102, 3 γνῶσις τ. ἀληθείας) 1 Ti 2:4; 2 Ti 2:25; 3:7; Tit 1:1; Hb 10:26; ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀ.1 Ti 3:15; ὁδὸς τῆς ἀ. 2 Pt 2:2; 1 Cl 35:5 (cp. Pind., P. 3, 103; Eur., Fgm. 289; Gen 24:48 al.; En 104:13; OdeSol 11:3); ὑπακοὴ τῆς ἀ. 1 Pt 1:22; ἀγάπη τῆς ἀ. 2 Th 2:10. God is πατὴρ τῆς ἀ. 2 Cl 3:1; 20:5; φῶς ἀληθείας IPhld 2:1 (cp. Ps 42:3); θεὸς τῆς ἀ. (1 Esdr 4:40) 2 Cl 19:1; cp. 1 Cl 60:2. The reverse genitival constr. in ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ro 1:25, is best rendered truth about God (so Twentieth Century NT, NRSV) as opp. to the deception of polytheists, who in effect lie about God despite their better knowledge described vss. 19–21 (REB et al.: truth of God).—Ἀ. is a favorite word of the Joh. lit., and plays a major role in it. God’s word is truth J 17:17 (Ps 118:142). Truth w. χάρις 1:14, 17; w. πνεῦμα 4:23f; cp. ἐν ἔργῳ καὶ ἀ. 1J 3:18 (opp. λόγῳ, γλώσσῃ). W. ἀγάπη 2J 3. The Spirit leads into truth J 16:13; hence πνεῦμα τῆς ἀ. 14:17; 15:26; 16:13; 1J 4:6 (cp. Hm 3:4). πνεῦμα is identified w. ἀ. 1J 5:6; it is mediated through Christ J 1:17, who calls himself truth 14:6 (cp. PGM 5, 148 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀλήθεια, on the other hand POxy 1380, 63 [early II A.D.] Isis is called ἀ.; Apollonaretal. Berl. Gr. Pap. 11517 [II A.D.]: Her 55, 1920, 188–95 ln. 52 Apollo as the ἀψευδὴς ἀ.; M. Ant., 9, 1, 2 God=Nature ἀλήθεια ὀνομάζεται; Lucian, Hist. Conscr. 61 says of a good history-writer: ἦν ἀλήθεια ἐπὶ πᾶσι); hence as source of praise for a Christian Δημητρίῳ μεμαρτύρηται … ὑπʼ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀ. 3J 12. One who possesses Christ knows truth (γινώσκ. τὴν ἀ. as Jos., Ant. 13, 291; Tat. 13, 1; ἀληθείας γνῶσις: Maximus Tyr. 26, 5b; Did., Gen. 116, 17) J 8:32; (cp. 1QS 5:10); 2J 1; does the truth J 3:21, cp. 1J 1:6 (ποιεῖν τὴν ἀ. Gen 32:11; 47:29; Is 26:10 al.; TestReub 6:9; TestBenj 10:3; ἔλεος καὶ ἀ. PsSol 17:15); stands in the truth J 8:44; is of the truth 18:37; cp. 1J 2:21; 3:19 (ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας=corresponding to the truth PTurin I, 6, 13). The truth sets one free J 8:32, but is not present in those who deny the fact of sin in their lives 1J 1:8 or do not heed Christ’s commands. Christ proclaims this truth: λέγειν (Jos., Ant. 10, 124) J 8:45f; 16:7; λαλεῖν 8:40 (also λαλεῖν ἐν ἀ. IEph 6:2); μαρτυρεῖν τῇ ἀ. 18:37. As John the Baptist witnesses to Jesus, he witnesses to the truth 5:33; cp. μαρτυρούντων σου τῇ ἀληθείᾳ bear witness to your ( fidelity to the) truth 3J 3; ἵνα συνεργοὶ γινώμεθα τῇ ἀ. vs. 8. In Pilate’s question τί ἐστιν ἀ.; J 18:38 the worldling speaks (cp. 4 Macc 5:10). Opp. θάνατος ISm 5:1.—Mlt-Turner 177f.③ an actual event or state, reality (Diogenes 21 p. 114, 10 al. Malherbe; Mel., P. 4, 33; 42, 289 [opp. τύπος] Diod S 2, 8, 4) as opposed to mere appearance (opp. πρόφασις) Phil 1:18. κατὰ ἀλήθειαν rightly Ro 2:2 (cp. Diod S 4, 64, 2 οἱ κατʼ ἀλήθειαν γονεῖς; M. Ant. 2, 11, 3; 4, 11; Damianus of Larissa p. 20, 2 [ed. Schöne 1897]; PCairZen 202, 7 [254 B.C.]; EpArist 140; 4 Macc 5:18; Just. A I, 2, 1; Ath., R. 66, 11; Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 84; PGM 12, 235). ἐν ἀληθείᾳ indeed, truly (Jer 33:15; ἀγαπᾶν PsSol 6:6; 10:3; 14:1 al.) Mt 22:16; J 17:19; 1 Cl 63:1 (s. also 2b on 1J 3:18). ἐπιγινώσκειν τὴν χάριν ἐν ἀλ. Col 1:6; οὓς ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ ἐν ἀλ. 2J 1, cp. 3J 1, belongs here (like the epist. formulas PFay 118, 26; 119, 26 [100–110 A.D.] τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς πρὸς ἀ.=‘really and truly’). ἐπʼ ἀληθείας in accordance w. the truth, truly (Demosth. 18, 17; SIG 495, 174 [III B.C.]; PAmh 68, 33; POxy 480, 9; Job, Da; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 60; 248): διδάσκειν Mk 12:14; Lk 20:21; εἰπεῖν Mk 12:32; λέγειν Lk 4:25; συνάγεσθαι Ac 4:27; καταλαμβάνεσθαι 10:34; τελειοῦν 1 Cl 23:5; ἐπιστέλλειν 47:3; ἐπʼ ἀ. καὶ οὗτος μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἦν certainly this fellow (s. οὗτος 1aα) was with him, too Lk 22:59.—GStorz, Gebr. u. Bedeutungsentwicklg v. ἀλήθεια u. begriffsverwandten Wörtern, diss. Tüb. 1922; WLuther, ‘Wahrheit’ u. ‘Lüge’ im ältest. Griechentum ’35; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II ’66, 118–44; I de la Potterie, TU 73, ’59, 277–94 (John); BJackayya, CTM 41, ’70, 171–75 (John); RBultmann, Untersuchungen z. J. Ἀλήθεια: ZNW 27, 1928, 113–63.—EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.
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